厚朴酚缓解热应激诱导的小肠上皮细胞损伤及其分子机制

Magnolol pretreatment attenuates heat stress-induced IEC-6 cell injury 厚朴酚缓解热应激诱导的小肠上皮细胞损伤及其分子机制 1 first-author 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 corresp ‡Corresponding Author ‡Corresponding Author †E-mail:liufenghua1209@126.comjls@bac.edu.cn †E-mail:liufenghua1209@126.comjls@bac.edu.cn liufenghua1209@126.com 1 corresp ‡Corresponding Author ‡Corresponding Author †E-mail:liufenghua1209@126.comjls@bac.edu.cn †E-mail:liufenghua1209@126.comjls@bac.edu.cn liufenghua1209@126.com Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University (CAU), Beijing 100193, China College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University (CAU), Beijing 100193, China Objective: 2 Heat stress (HS) is an important environmental stressor that adversely influences livestock during the summer. The aim of this study was to investigate whether magnolol protects against HS-induced intestinal epithelial cell injury. Materials and methods: 2 An intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-6) was subjected to HS at 42 °C, with and without magnolol pretreatment. Cell injury was detected by monitoring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay was used to assess cell proliferation and viability, including identifying effective concentrations of magnolol. Flow cytometry confirmed G1-phase cell-cycle arrest and its alleviation by magnolol. Active DNA synthesis was measured by incorporation of nucleic acid 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU). G1-phase cell-cycle-related gene expression was assessed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and levels of G1-phase-related proteins by Western blotting. Results: 2 HS induced IEC-6 cell injury and decreased cell viability, as demonstrated by data from LDH and MTS assays, respectively. Based on a number of criteria, IEC-6 cells subjected to HS were arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Magnolol pretreatment decreased HS-induced cell injury through relief of this cell-cycle arrest. Conclusions: 2 Magnolol pretreatment attenuates HS-induced injury in IEC-6 cells. Magnolol is potentially promising as a protective strategy for HS in livestock. 目的 2 探讨厚朴酚（Mag）对热应激大鼠小肠上皮细胞（IEC-6）修复作用，并初步探讨其作用机制。 创新点 2 首次在大鼠小肠上皮细胞热应激模型中证明厚朴酚可明显降低细胞损伤程度，且此作用与细胞周期G1期相关。 方法 2 本试验采用大鼠小肠上皮细胞（IEC-6）为研究对象，将其分为五组：对照组（37 °C，5% CO2），热应激组（42 °C，3 h），热应激+厚朴酚低浓度组（5 µmol/L），热应激+厚朴酚中浓度组（10 µmol/L），热应激+厚朴酚高浓度组（20 µmol/L）。采用MTS法复制热应激模型及厚朴酚药物浓度筛选；采用流式细胞术检测热应激造成大鼠小肠上皮细胞细胞周期阻滞及不同浓度厚朴酚缓解细胞周期阻滞情况；利用电子显微镜观察热应激造成的细胞损伤情况；利用荧光电子显微镜观察EdU染色后，热应激对细胞增殖情况的影响及不同浓度厚朴酚的修复作用；采用荧光定量聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术检测热应激对细胞周期基因表达影响及不同浓度厚朴酚对细胞周期基因调节作用，采用蛋白质免疫印迹（Western blot）技术检测热应激对细胞周期蛋白表达的影响及不同浓度厚朴酚对细胞周期蛋白修复作用。 结论 2 流式细胞术显示热应激造成IEC-6细胞周期阻滞在G1期（96.5%），而三种浓度厚朴酚均可以缓解细胞周期阻滞现象且呈剂量依赖性（5 µmol/L 88.8%，10 µmol/L 81.0%，20 µmol/L 73.5%）。热应激导致阻滞细胞分裂的G1期基因 p21 、 p27 和 Rb 显著上调（P < 0.01），显示细胞周期阻滞，不同浓度厚朴酚下调这三个基因表达且呈剂量依赖性；促进细胞分裂的G1期基因 E2F1 、 CDK4 和 cyclin D1 表达显著下调（ P < 0.01），显示细胞周期阻滞不能正常增值，厚朴酚有效上调这三个基因表达水平。热应激导致G1期阻滞细胞分裂蛋白p21及p27上调显著（ P < 0.01），厚朴酚有效下调p21及p27蛋白表达，且在20 µmol/L浓度时效果最佳；而G1期促进细胞分裂蛋白pRb、E2F1、CDK4和cyclin D1（CCND1）在热应激下表达显著下调（ P < 0.01），厚朴酚具有一定上调以上四个蛋白的作用，且在20 µmol/L浓度时效果最佳。厚朴酚作为天然成分药物，通过缓解热应激造成的IEC-6细胞G1期细胞周期阻滞，具有缓解热应激造成的细胞损伤能力，有望作为预防畜禽热应激的饲料添加剂。 Cell-cycle arrest Cell injury Heat stress IEC-6 cell line Magnolol 细胞周期阻滞 细胞损伤 热应激 IEC-6 厚朴酚 Introduction 1 In summer, heat stress (HS) is a major factor adversely affecting livestock and poultry growth and health (Min et al., 2015 2015 ). One of the problems is that HS makes animals vulnerable to various infectious diseases. Recent research has shown that HS caused remarkable pathological damage to the glandular stomach, duodenum, and jejunum (Song et al., 2012 2012 ; Lei et al., 2013 2013 ). Such damage was characterized by mucosal epithelial cell detachment, edema of the lamina propria, and intestinal villus breakage (Yu et al., 2010 2010 ). In animals subjected to HS, gastrointestinal ischemia is the first effect, followed by injuries, such as cell membrane damage (Guyot et al., 2015 2015 ; Yin et al., 2015c 2015c ), DNA injury (Zhang M.H. et al., 2015 2015 ), abnormal gene expression, and cell apoptosis (Gao et al., 2015 2015 ; Sun et al., 2015 2015 ; Yin et al., 2015a 2015a ). Therefore, identification of strategies to repair injured intestinal epithelial cells after HS would protect animal health significantly (Yin et al., 2015b 2015b ). Plants are among the most important potential sources of anti-HS drugs (Pan et al., 2014 2014 ; Song et al., 2014 2014 ). Magnolol (Mag) (Fig. 1 1 ) is the main and active ingredient in magnolia bark. In several studies, Mag was effective against inflammation (Wang et al., 2015 2015 ), allergy (Chen et al., 2006 2006 ), stress (Chang et al., 2003 2003 ), tumors (Wu et al., 2014 2014 ), and diarrhea (Guerra-Araiza et al., 2013 2013 ; Xia et al., 2014 2014 ). Other evidence showed that Mag could reduce HS-induced ischemic injuries (Lee et al., 2013 2013 ). In addition, Mag prevented cerebral injury caused by HS in rats and increased survival in murine sepsis (Kong et al., 2000 2000 ; Chang et al., 2003 2003 ). However, whether Mag could prevent the intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-6) cell growth inhibition associated with HS-induced cell injury has not been reported. Materials and methods 1 Cell culture and processing 2 Cells from a rat small intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-6, CRL21592, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China) were cultured at 37 °C in a humidified incubator (Thermo, Marietta, Ohio, USA) equilibrated with 5% CO 2 . Cultures were grown and maintained in a complete growth medium consisting of Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) with 5% fetal bovine serum (Peking Union Medical College), 2 μg/μl insulin (China Agriculture University, Beijing, China), 50 IU/ml penicillin (China Agriculture University), and 50 (g/ml streptomycin (China Agriculture University). The medium was changed three times per week, according to a standard cell culture protocol. IEC-6 cells were treated in five different groups: control, HS, and HS pretreated with Mag at three concentrations as indicated for the individual experiments. Cells in the control group remained in the 37 (C incubator. Cells in the HS groups were incubated at 42 (C for 3 h, equilibrated with 5% CO 2 as for the control cells. Cells in the Mag groups were pretreated with Mag at concentrations indicated in the individual experiments for 3 h, then subjected to HS as described for the HS group. Changes in cell morphology following HS were observed using a phase-contrast inverted biological microscope (IX71/IX2, Olympus, Beijing, China). MTS cell proliferation assay 2 After reaching at least 90% confluence, cells were washed with phosphate buffer solution (PBS), dissociated with 0.05% pancreatic enzymes as described above and suspended in a complete growth medium. Cells were plated, at about 5000 cells in 100 μl per well, onto a 96-well plate. Cells were incubated for 24, 48, and 72 h at 37 °C in the humidified 5% CO 2 equilibrated incubator and then treated with various concentrations of Mag (Beijing Municipal Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, China) for an additional 24, 48, or 72 h, as indicated. After these incubations, 20 μl MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt) reagent was added to each well. The cells were returned to the incubator for 1–4 h and then absorbance was read at 490 nm in a plate reader (BioTek, Vermont, USA). Cell counting 2 After reaching at least 90% confluence, cells were suspended in a complete growth medium. Trypan blue (100 μl of a 0.1% solution) was added to 100 μl of the cell suspension and gently mixed. Cells were then counted with a hemocytometer, as per the manufacturer’s instructions. Lactate dehydrogenase release 2 This assay used cells in a logarithmic phase growth on a 96-well plate. At about 80% confluence, cells were washed once with PBS and then lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was assessed under various treatments using an LDH kit (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The treatment groups were: control, HS, HS with three concentrations of Mag, and a maximum LDH release control group. Absorbance representing released LDH was read at 490 nm. EdU incorporation 2 Cells on a 96-well plate were treated as follows: control, HS, and HS after pretreatment with Mag at three different concentrations as indicated in the figure legends. DNA synthesis was determined using an EdU kit (RIBOBIO, Beijing, China), measuring incorporation of the nucleotide 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU). Changes in cell morphology were observed under a phase-contrast inverted biological microscope. Flow cytometry 2 To determine cell cycle status, IEC-6 cells were divided into the following groups, treated as described above: control, HS, and HS with three effective concentrations of Mag. Cells were dissociated and suspended. Following these treatments, cells were washed twice with PBS and fixed overnight in 70% ethyl alcohol. Cells were then washed with PBS and stained with propidium iodide (PI, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Beckman Coulter Inc., CA, USA). mRNA reverse transcription and expression of cell-cycle genes 2 Total RNA was isolated from IEC-6 cells with TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen). RNA concentration was measured with a spectrophotometer (SmartSpec Plus, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) using the optical density ratio at 260 nm and 280 nm (OD 260 /OD 280 ). Then further steps were carried out based on the manufacturer’s instructions (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The reverse transcription (RT) reaction was conducted at 42 °C for 2 h. The RT products (complementary DNA (cDNA)) were stored at −20 °C for subsequent polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was performed with a DNA Engine Mx3000P fluorescence detection system (Agilent Technologies Co., Ltd., Palo Alto, CA, USA) according to optimized PCR protocols. The PCR reaction system (20 μl total) contained 10 μl SYBR Green qPCR mix, 0.3 μl reference dye, 1 μl primer (each at 10 mmol/L), and 1 μl cDNA template. Cycling conditions were: 95 °C for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 20 s, 55 °C for 15 s, and 72 °C for 20 s. Dissociation was initiated at 95 °C for 30 s and the melting curve was measured continuously by fluorescence. β-Actin was always amplified in parallel with the target gene as a control. The cDNA from each sample was subjected to qRT-PCR using the primer pairs listed in Table 1 1 . Expression levels were determined using the relative threshold cycle (CT) method as described by the manufacturer. Description Accession number Primer sequence (5'→3')  β-Actin  NM_031144  Forward: TTGTCCCTGTATGCCTCTGG Reverse: ATGTCACGCACGATTTCCC  Reverse: ATGTCACGCACGATTTCCC  p21  NM_080782.3  Forward: AGTATGCCGTCGTCTGTTCG  Reverse: TCAAAGTTCCACCGTTCTCG  p27  NM_031762.3  Forward: GCTTGCCCGAGTTCTACTACAG  Reverse: AGAGTTTGCCTGAGACCCAAT  Rb  NM_017045  Forward: CTGCTCAGAGAGCCGTACAAA  Reverse: CGAGCACTCCTGTTCTGACC  Cyclin D1  NM_171992.4  Forward: ACCTGGACCGTTTCTTGTCTC  Reverse: GGCGGATAGAGTTGTCAGTGT  CDK4  NM_053593  Forward: AGATCCCCTGCTCCGAGAAT  Reverse: ACATCCATCAGCCGTACAACAT  E2F1  NM_001100778  Forward: GCTCCACTGCCCTTCCCACT  Reverse: CCCAACCCAGCCTAACACCA Western blot analysis 2 IEC-6 cell proteins were extracted with a total protein extraction kit (Biochain, Hayward, CA, USA) and quantified with the BCA protein assay kit (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA). Proteins were resolved on 8%–12% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane (Pierce, Rockford, USA). Membranes were blocked for 2.5 h at room temperature using SuperBlock T20 (TBS) blocking buffer (Pierce). Primary antibodies (1:1000, v/v) were rabbit sources: p21 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK), p27 (Abcam), pRb (Cell Signaling Technology, Boston, MA, USA), E2F1 (Abcam), CDK4 (Abcam), cyclin D1 (Cell Signaling Technology), and β-actin (Cell Signaling Technology); membranes were incubated for 4 h or overnight with the primary antibodies. The secondary antibody was donkey anti-rabbit (Cell Signaling Technology) at a dilution of 1:15 000, and membranes were incubated with the secondary antibodies for 1 h. The antigens were then visualized and analyzed with the Odyssey infrared imaging system (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE, USA). β-Actin was used as a loading control. The relative density of protein bands in each blot was measured using the ImageJ program (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Statistical analysis 2 SPSS 11.5 (Softonic, Barcelona, Spain) was used for statistical analysis. Data were analyzed by a t -test when there were only two groups of data. If there were three or more groups, data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). P < 0.05 was regarded as a significant difference. Results 1 Cytotoxicity by Mag 2 To determine Mag-induced toxicity on IEC-6 cells by MTS cell proliferation assay, we treated the cells with various concentrations of Mag (10 to 500 μmol/L) for 24, 48, and 72 h. As shown in Fig. 2 2 , Mag concentrations under 100 μmol/L were not toxic for IEC-6 cells. However, exposure of cells to Mag at 200 μmol/L for 24, 48, or 72 h resulted in significant inhibition of proliferation ( P < 0.01). This indicated that, when Mag concentration reached 200 μmol/L, it caused toxicity in IEC-6 cells. Pre-exposure of cells to 20 μmol/L Mag for 3 h and HS for another 3 h resulted in a significant increase in cell number as compared with those in the group receiving HS only (Fig. 3 3 ). IEC-6 cells were treated with Mag for 24 (a), 48 (b), and 72 h (c). Results shown are representative of three independent experiments. ** P < 0.01 compared with the control group Mag at 20 μmol/L showed significant anti-HS effects ( * P < 0.05). Results (mean±SEM) shown are representative of three independent experiments Mag decreased IEC-6 cell drifting and injury condition 2 As shown in Fig. 4 4 , hemocytometer cell counts in the HS group were about one-fifth of those in the control group ( P < 0.05). Pretreatment with Mag (5, 10, or 20 μmol/L) prior to HS resulted in significant prevention of cell shape changes ( P < 0.05) as compared with the group receiving only HS. The effect of Mag was dose-dependent. The cell number in cultures treated with 20 μmol/L Mag was close to that in the control group. LDH release is an indicator of cell injury. As shown in Fig. 5 5 , compared with the control group (14 times), IEC-6 cells showed markedly greater LDH release in the HS group, almost 54 times ( P < 0.01); Mag efficiently suppressed LDH release by IEC-6 cells to almost 50 times (5 μmol/L; P > 0.05), 44 times (10 μmol/L; P < 0.05), and 43 times (20 μmol/L; P < 0.01), respectively. Furthermore, these results suggested that Mag increased cell viability and decreased cell injury in a dose-dependent manner. IEC-6 cells were treated with HS alone or HS after pretreatment with various concentrations of Mag (5, 10, and 20 μmol/L). At 10 and 20 μmol/L, Mag markedly increased cell counts as compared with those in the group receiving only HS( * P < 0.05). Results (mean±SEM) shown are representative of three independent experiments IEC-6 cells were treated with HS alone or after pretreatment with various concentrations of Mag (5, 10, and 20 μmol/L) before HS. Mag pretreatment decreased LDH activity as compared with the HS group ( * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01). Results (mean±SEM) shown are representative of three independent experiments Mag prevented HS-induced G1-phase cell-cycle arrest 2 As Mag reduced IEC-6 cell rounding, we next investigated whether effects of Mag were associated with cell-cycle progression. Cell-cycle effects on IEC-6 cells subjected to HS were, however, little known. The percentage of cells at each phase of the cell cycle was examined by flow cytometry. The cell-cycle response was determined in the cells treated with various concentrations (5, 10, or 20 μmol/L) of Mag for 3 h prior to HS. As shown in Fig. 6 6 , cell-cycle analysis revealed that HS induced G1-phase cell-cycle arrest (about 96.5%) as compared with that in the control cells (68.9%). Pretreatment with Mag resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of cell-cycle arrest after HS. G1-phase cell-cycle arrest was 88.8%, 81.0%, and 73.5% in cells treated with 5, 10, and 20 μmol/L Mag, respectively. Groups are: control, HS, and HS after Mag pretreatment at three concentrations (5, 10, and 20 μmol/L) Mag accelerated IEC-6 cell division after HS 2 As anticipated, cells in the HS group (Fig. 7b 7b ) showed little cell division as compared with the control group (Fig. 7a 7a ). After pretreatment, before HS, with 5 (Fig. 7c 7c ), 10 (Fig. 7d 7d ), or 20 μmol/L Mag (Fig. 7e 7e ), numbers of splinter cells gradually increased. We conclude that Mag at least partly suppressed injury of IEC-6 cells after HS. Control group (a), HS group (b), groups pretreated with Mag (5, 10, or 20 μmol/L) (c–e) prior to HS. Cells in left, middle, and right figures were marked by EdU, Hoechst stain, and Overlay, respectively. Results shown are representative of three independent experiments. Bar=100 μm Effect of Mag on cell-cycle gene progression of IEC-6 cells 2 After finding that Mag promoted IEC-6 cell viability, we were interested in the underlying mechanisms of this effect. p21 (Fig. 8a 8a ), p27 (Fig. 8b 8b ), and Rb (Fig. 8c 8c ) are important genes suppressing the cell cycle. PCR results showed that these three genes had elevated expression in the HS group as compared with the expression levels in the control group. Cells pretreated with Mag (5, 10, or 20 μmol/L) for 3 h before HS showed a dose-dependent reduction of expression of these three genes ( P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). E2F1 (Fig. 8d 8d ), CDK4 (Fig. 8e 8e ), and cyclin D1 (Fig. 8f 8f ) are genes that promote the cell cycle. These genes showed markedly decreased expression in the HS group as compared with the control group. Mag pretreatment effectively up-regulated their expression in a dose-dependent manner ( P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Results (mean±SEM) shown are representative of three independent experiments. As compared with HS alone, Mag pretreatment before HS caused dose-dependent changes in gene expression of p21 (a), p27 (b), Rb (c), E2F1 (d), CDK4 (e), and cyclin D1 (f). All these genes showed significant differences between the HS group and Mag groups ( * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01) Mag promotes G1-phase cell-cycle resumption after HS 2 Based on the qRT-PCR data, we examined expression of G1-phase proteins (Fig. 9 9 ). Western blot analysis revealed that the levels of the cell-cycle inhibition proteins p21 (Fig. 9a 9a ) and p27 (Fig. 9b 9b ) increased after HS, but decreased after pretreatment with Mag, especially at 20 μmol/L. On further examination of the levels of G1-phase cell-cycle proteins after HS, we found that E2F1 (Fig. 9d 9d ), pRb (Fig. 9c 9c ), cyclin D1 (CCND1) (Fig. 9f 9f ), and CDK4 (Fig. 9e 9e ) were down-regulated by HS and that Mag pretreatment increased their expression. We conclude that Mag reduced cell injury partly by suppressing HS-induced G1-phase cell-cycle arrest. Treated groups were: control, HS, and HS pretreated with Mag (5, 10, or 20 μmol/L). Results (mean±SEM) shown are representative of three independent experiments. Immunoblot analysis was performed to detect the expression of the G1-phase proteins expression (g). Proteins were p21 (a), p27 (b), pRb (c), E2F1 (d), CDK4 (e), and CCND1 (f). Differences between mean values were assessed by one-way ANOVA ( * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01) Discussion 1 It is established that elevated ambient temperatures induce a series of physiological changes in biological organisms (Intasqui et al., 2015 2015 ; Khosravinia, 2015 2015 ). These findings indicate that understanding the mechanisms of HS-induced injury in animals is extremely urgent. More effective measures are greatly needed to reduce the adverse effects of HS. In our study, IEC-6 cells exposed to HS underwent a sharply reduction in cell number compared with the control group. These observations agree with previous reports (Miova et al., 2015 2015 ). Mag is extracted from magnolia and is a natural compound with many pharmacological activities. It has been reported that it has protective effects on the small intestine (Loong et al., 2002 2002 ) and anti-HS functions (Chang et al., 2003 2003 ). Our study showed that Mag showed a non-toxic function under 100 μmol/L. When pretreating with Mag before HS, Mag has a protective effect on increased cell vitality, reducing cell floating, stimulating cell adhesion, and promoting cell proliferation. The cell cycle is a fundamental process of cellular function. HS is known to significantly influence the cell-cycle program with hyperthermia. HS induced apoptosis by G2/M phase arrest (Qi et al., 2015 2015 ) and affected expression of genes, especially cyclin D1 and p21 , that regulate the G1-phase cell-cycle program (Kaija et al., 2015 2015 ). However, there have been no reports describing whether HS influences the IEC-6 cell cycle. In our study, the percentage of cells in the G1 phase decreased from 96.5% in the HS group to 88.8%, 81.0%, and 73.5% in cells pretreated with 5, 10, and 20 μmol/L of Mag, respectively, prior to HS. The EdU incorporation assay showed a dose-dependent increase in the number of dividing cells with Mag. With 20 μmol/L Mag, effective cell proliferation occurred after HS. Taking all of our data together, it can be seen more clearly that Mag decreases cell injury induced by HS. Over recent years, the accumulated data indicate that HS induces cell-cycle arrest and impairs normal cell growth (de Maria et al., 2013 2013 ; Alekseenko et al., 2014 2014 ; Sarkar et al., 2014 2014 ). The cell cycle is very complex, and a number of key factors are involved in its regulation. Therefore, we investigated effects on several of these factors by examining gene expression and protein levels in IEC-6 cells after exposure to HS. Cyclin D1 is one of the important factors in cell-cycle regulation, primarily controlling G1-to-S phase transition (Wu et al., 2009 2009 ). After HS, expression of cyclin D1, at both gene and protein levels, significantly decreased. This proved that cyclin D1 expression was negatively correlated with cell-cycle arrest and that Mag could up-regulate cyclin D1 after HS, enabling recovery and normal operation of the cell cycle. CDK4 as a co-bonding molecule showed the same trend in expression as cyclin D1. The effects of Mag on levels of these proteins indicated that this agent participated in reducing G1 cell-cycle arrest (Adnane et al., 1999 1999 ; McMahon et al., 1999 1999 ; Coqueret, 2002 2002 ). As an important cell-cycle control factor, E2F1 works, along with Rb, to regulate the transition from G0/G1 to S phase (Fofaria et al., 2014 2014 ). In this study, E2F1 expression was significantly down-regulated by HS, further illustrating that HS induced cell-cycle arrest. Mag pretreatment led to partial recovery of the E2F1 expression level, suggesting that Mag exerted a protective role at the execution phase of G1-phase cell-cycle arrest. Rb negatively regulates the cell cycle by inhibiting cell proliferation. When Rb is phosphorylated by cyclin-CDK, E2Fs are released to promote cell proliferation. Dephosphorylated Rb works with E2F1 to control the latter from entering the nucleus to activate gene expression, controlling transition from the G1 to the S phase (Kuhl and Rensing, 2000 2000 ). Our results indicate that expression of the Rb gene was high but that the pRb protein was down-regulated after HS. This provided further evidence that HS induced G1 cell-cycle arrest. Mag partly prevented HS-induced cell-cycle arrest through adjusting Rb and pRb ratios nearer to those in the control cells. p21 inhibits G1-phase cyclin-cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) activity by changing the configuration of CDK (Mitrea et al., 2012 2012 ). Recent studies have shown that p21 in many cell lines functions to inhibit cell proliferation, such as in liver cancer (Bang et al., 2015 2015 ), gastric carcinoma (Gao et al., 2014 2014 ), breast cancer (Yan et al., 2015 2015 ), and lung cancer (Men et al., 2015 2015 ). p27 is one of the CDK inhibitor (CDKI) factors, which inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell differentiation. p27 is believed to inhibit CDK activity by combining with CDK or cyclin-CDK compounds (Zhang Y. et al., 2015 2015 ). Our data showed that p21 and p27 were significantly higher in the HS group than in the control group, indicating that p21 and p27 were involved in the cell-cycle arrest. Mag effectively down-regulated p21 and p27 expressions, suggesting that the agent can adjust expressions of cell-cycle inhibitors to prevent cell-cycle arrest. Our data indicate that HS induced both cell injury and G1-phase cell-cycle arrest. Mag exhibited its anti-HS effect partly through preventing cell-cycle arrest by p21, p27, pRb, E2F1, CDK4, and cyclin D1. Others have shown that Mag, instead, induced cell-cycle arrest (Rasul et al., 2012 2012 ). There are a number of possible reasons for this inconsistency. First, we used a rat intestinal epithelial cell line, unlike the SGC-7901 human gastric adenocarcinoma cells used in other studies. Second, Mag in different concentration ranges showed different effects on the cells. In our experiment, Mag at low doses (5, 10, and 20 μmol/L) revealed anti-HS effects and prevention of cell-cycle arrest. Results were different with higher doses of Mag (40, 60, and 80 μmol/L), and these higher doses have been used to treat cancer in other studies. Therefore, our results are not contradictory. In conclusion, HS induced IEC-6 cell injury and G1-phase cell-cycle arrest involving control by p21, p27, Rb, E2F1, cyclin D1, and CDK4. Mag is a promising natural compound for the treatment of HS, and its effects may be due to the suppression of HS-induced cell-cycle arrest to prevent injury to IEC-6 cells. These data provide the foundation for further research to develop anti-HS medicines in IEC-6 cells and other animals. References J Adnane , Z Shao , PD Robbins . Cyclin D1 associates with the TBP-associated factor TAF II 250 to regulate Sp1-mediated transcription . Oncogene , 1999 . 18 ( 1 ): 239 - 247 . . Cyclin D1 associates with the TBP-associated factor TAFII250 to regulate Sp1-mediated transcription LL Alekseenko , VI Zemelko , AP Domnina , 等 . 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This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors. 10.1631/jzus.B1500261 Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31272478), the National Twelve-Five Technological Supported Plan of China (No. 2013BAD10B04), the Ministry of Agriculture, Public Service Sectors Agriculture Research Projects (No. 201403051-07), and the Importation and Development of High-Caliber Talents Project of Beijing Municipal Institutions (No. CIT&TCD20130324), China 2015-10-31 2016-05-12 2016-01-22 2022-01-05 Copyright © Zhejiang University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016 2016 Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B (Biomedicine and Biotechnology) 06 17