Association of matrix metalloproteinase-9 C1562T polymorphism and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis

Association of matrix metalloproteinase-9 C1562T polymorphism and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis 基质金属蛋白酶-9 C1562T基因多态性与冠心病关系的meta分析 1 first-author 1 2 corresp ‡Corresponding Author ‡Corresponding Author †E-mail:shileizhi@163.com †E-mail:shileizhi@163.com shileizhi@163.com Department of Emergency, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310013, China Department of Emergency, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310013, China Department of Thoracic Minimally Invasive Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, China Department of Thoracic Minimally Invasive Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, China Objective: 2 Many investigations have studied the associations between matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) C1562T polymorphisms and coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the conclusions of these studies were inconsistent. Therefore, this study was aimed at clarifying the association between MMP-9 C1562T polymorphisms and CAD in a large-scale meta-analysis. Methods: 2 The PubMed and Embase databases were retrieved to collect all publications on the association between MMP-9 C1562T polymorphisms and CAD. Then the odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for C1562T TT+TC versus CC genotype between CAD and the control groups were evaluated. Subgroup analysis was also performed according to different races. The meta-analysis was performed by Stata 10.0. Results: 2 Sixteen case-control studies were included in our meta-analysis, involving 11 032 CAD patients and 4628 non-CAD controls. Compared with C allele carriers, East Asian T allele carriers TT+TC had a significantly higher risk of CAD (OR=1.43; 95% CI: 1.03–1.99; P =0.031); however, there were no significant associations in Western populations (OR=1.06; 95% CI: 0.96–1.18; P =0.240) or West Asians (OR=1.13; 95% CI: 0.75–1.70; P =0.565). When further analyzing the association between C1562T polymorphisms and myocardial infarction (MI, the most serious type of CAD), the risk of TT+TC genotype versus CC genotype for MI was significantly higher for the overall (OR=1.21; 95% CI: 1.04–1.40; P =0.012) and for East Asians (OR=1.58; 95% CI: 1.26–1.97; P =0.000) but not in Western populations (OR=1.12; 95% CI: 0.99–1.26; P =0.078). Conclusions: 2 Our meta-analysis suggested an obvious ethnic difference in the association between MMP-9 C1562T polymorphisms and CAD. MMP-9 C1562T polymorphism was significantly related to CAD in East Asians. However, no significant associations were observed in either West Asians or Western populations. 研究目的 2 探讨基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）C1562T基因多态性与冠心病之间的关系。 创新要点 2 通过综合分析，明确了MMP-9 C1562T基因多态性与冠心病的发生存在种族差异性，解决了以往单个研究由于样本量偏少而得出不同结论的弊端。 研究方法 2 利用meta分析可以扩大样本量的优势，分析了MMP-9 C1562T基因多态性与冠心病间的关系，且研究结论更为可靠。 重要结论 2 MMP-9 C1562T基因多态性与冠心病的发生存在显著的种族差异性：在东亚人群中，MMP-9 C1562T基因多态性与冠心病的发生密切相关；在西方人群及西亚人群中，MMP-9 C1562T基因多态性与冠心病的发生无显著相关性。 Coronary artery disease Matrix metalloproteinase-9 Polymorphism Meta-analysis 冠心病 基质金属蛋白酶-9 基因多态性 Meta分析 Introduction 1 Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a multifactorial, complicated disease and is the leading cause of mortality in most low- and middle-income countries (Lopez et al., 2006 2006 ). Its exact underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. However, interaction between gene and environment may be particularly relevant (Marenberg et al., 1994 1994 ). In recent years, many studies have focused on the association between polymorphic variants in candidate genes and CAD. Among them, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is one of the potentially relevant candidate genes. MMP-9, also known as gelatinase B or 92-kDa type IV collagenase, is one member of the MMP family, which forms a large family of zinc-dependent enzymes that can degrade the extracellular matrix and contribute to both normal and pathological tissue remodeling (Newby, 2005 2005 ). Epidemiological study has indicated that the higher plasma concentration of MMP-9 may be a predictor of cardiovascular disease risk (Blankenberg et al., 2003 2003 ). The MMP-9 gene has three major polymorphisms in the promoter, coding and untranslated regions (Zhang et al., 1999b 1999b ). Of these, the C1562T (rs3918242) polymorphism (C→T) in the promoter region is of special interest, for many studies have found a close association between C1562T polymorphism and CAD (Cho et al., 2002 2002 ; Morgan et al., 2003 2003 ; Koh et al., 2008 2008 ; Zhi et al., 2010 2010 ). However, some other studies (Haberbosch and Gardemann, 2005 2005 ; Alp et al., 2009 2009 ) did not found such a close relationship. These studies drawing different conclusions make us puzzled, as one single study may fail to completely demonstrate the complex relationship. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to resolve this issue. Materials and methods 1 Study selection 2 We searched the PubMed and Embase databases to collect all publications on the association between MMP-9 C1562T polymorphisms and CAD (last search update: Sept. 25, 2011). The language was limited to English only. The following key words were used: MMP-9 or “matrix metalloproteinase-9” or “gelatinase B” or “type IV collagenase”; polymorphism or SNPs or “polymorphism, single nucleotide” or genotype or mutation or variants; “coronary artery disease” or “coronary heart disease” or “ischemic heart disease” or “stable angina” or “unstable angina” or “myocardial infarction” or “acute coronary syndrome”. Then the results were combined by the Boolean operator “AND”. We further retrieved reference lists from included papers to avoid missing any relevant studies. The following criteria should be satisfactory for the included papers in our meta-analysis: (1) case-control study; (2) only CAD as the study outcome and the site should be C1562T; (3) the control group should not have any disease that is related to CAD; (4) the distribution of genotypes in CAD and control groups should be obtained directly or according to calculation; and (5) the genotype distribution in the control group should meet the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Data extraction 2 Two authors independently extracted the following information from included publications: the first author’s name, publication year, region of study origin, age of patients, number of men/women, and number of patients in different genotypes. If there were any disagreements, a consensus was agreed by discussion. Statistical analysis 2 The meta-analysis was performed by Stata 10.0 software (Stata, College Station, Texas, USA). First, the overall odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for C1562T TT+TC versus CC genotype between CAD and the control groups were analyzed. Subgroup analysis was further conducted according to different races. A heterogeneity test was assessed by chi-square-based Q test and I 2 test. A fixed-effect model was used to evaluate the OR and 95% CI if no significant heterogeneity ( P > 0.05 and I 2 < 25%) existed. Otherwise, a random-effect model was selected. Publication bias was evaluated by Begg’s funnel plot and Egger’s test; a P value > 0.05 was considered as no potential publication bias. Results 1 Characteristics of the included studies 2 The literature search identified 122 potentially relevant papers (after excluding 44 duplicate studies). Ninety-six articles were removed after preliminary screening. Twenty-six studies were left for further review and 10 additional papers were excluded (Fig. 1 1 ). Finally, 16 papers (Pollanen et al., 2001 2001 ; Wang J. et al., 2001 2001 ; Cho et al., 2002 2002 ; Kim et al., 2002 2002 ; Morgan et al., 2003 2003 ; Haberbosch and Gardemann, 2005 2005 ; Nuzzo et al., 2006 2006 ; Horne et al., 2007 2007 ; Nanni et al., 2007 2007 ; Koh et al., 2008 2008 ; Alp et al., 2009 2009 ; Fallah et al., 2010 2010 ; Ghaderian et al., 2010 2010 ; Zhi et al., 2010 2010 ; Opstad et al., 2012 2012 ; Wang L. et al., 2012 2012 ) were included in our meta-analysis involving 11 032 CAD patients and 4628 non-CAD controls. We divided the included studies into three sections according to ethnicities: Western populations, East Asians, and West Asians. The sample sizes in each subgroup were 12 581, 2909, and 1170, respectively. The TT+TC distribution was similar or even lower in CAD than in control groups in Western populations (22.5% vs. 24.8%) or West Asians (41.2% vs. 47.8%). However, in East Asians, the TT+TC distribution was much higher in the CAD group than in control subjects (24.4% vs. 18.9%). A summary of included 16 articles is presented in Table 1 1 . Data are expressed as mean±standard deviation or mean (range) NA: not applicable 2 Study 2 Country 2 Ethnicity 3 CAD 3 Control Gender (male/female) Age * * (year) (TT+TC)/CC Gender (male/female) Age * * (year) (TT+TC)/CC Pollanen et al., 2001 2001 Finland Western NA NA 31/78 NA NA 43/124 Wang J. et al., 2001 2001 Australia Western NA NA 140/479 NA NA 41/128 Morgan et al., 2003 2003 UK Western NA NA 219/779 NA NA 42/223 Haberbosch and Gardemann, 2005 2005 Germany Western NA NA 502/1596 NA 55.3±10.2 121/414 Nuzzo et al., 2006 2006 Italy Western 109/6 NA 42/73 100/53 NA 37/86 Horne et al., 2007 2007 USA Western 2748/912 NA 968/3692 550/572 58.0±13.0 292/830 Nanni et al., 2007 2007 Italy Western NA 47.8±6.2 64/136 NA 47.0±5.5 66/135 Opstad et al., 2012 2012 Norway Western 783/218 62 (36–81) 240/756 147/57 55 50/154 Kim et al., 2002 2002 Korea East Asian 89/42 61.3±7.9 32/99 59/58 59.3±8.5 32/85 Cho et al., 2002 2002 Korea East Asian 37/26 NA 15/48 36/31 56.0±10.0 4/63 Koh et al., 2008 2008 Korea East Asian 125/81 611±11.8 55/151 113/60 58.3±11.8 31/142 Zhi et al., 2010 2010 China East Asian 543/219 67.5±9.6 177/585 372/183 69.9±11.8 113/442 Wang L. et al., 2012 2012 China East Asian 255/129 55.6±10.9 98/286 291/160 54.1±10.3 78/373 Alp et al., 2009 2009 Turkey West Asian 88/58 59.3±9.1 47/99 59/63 57.3±9.7 32/90 Ghaderian et al., 2010 2010 Iran West Asian 324/74 NA 104/296 111/89 NA 59/141 Fallah et al., 2010 2010 Iran West Asian 75/70 58.4±9.1 134/11 80/77 55.4±9.4 138/19 Meta-analysis 2 Fig. 2 2 shows the outcomes of the meta-analysis and heterogeneity test. We selected a random-effect model to evaluate the ORs and 95% CIs for Q test and I 2 test showed a modest heterogeneity ( P =0.053, I 2 =39.5%). Compared to CC genotype, TT+TC genotype was significantly associated with CAD overall (OR=1.16; 95% CI: 1.03–1.31; P =0.018) and for East Asians (OR=1.43; 95% CI: 1.03–1.99; P =0.031). However, no significant association was observed in Western populations (OR=1.06; 95% CI: 0.96–1.18; P =0.240) or West Asians (OR=1.13; 95% CI: 0.75–1.70; P =0.565). We further made an analysis of C1562T polymorphisms with myocardial infarction (MI, the most serious type of CAD) from included studies (Pollanen et al., 2001 2001 ; Haberbosch and Gardemann, 2005 2005 ; Nuzzo et al., 2006 2006 ; Horne et al., 2007 2007 ; Koh et al., 2008 2008 ; Ghaderian et al., 2010 2010 ; Zhi et al., 2010 2010 ; Opstad et al., 2012 2012 ; Wang L. et al., 2012 2012 ). Fig. 3 3 shows the detailed result. The relative risks of TT+TC genotype versus CC genotype for MI were: OR=1.21, 95% CI 1.04–1.40, P =0.012 overall; OR=1.12, 95% CI 0.99–1.26, P =0.078 for Western populations; and OR=1.58, 95% CI 1.26–1.97, P =0.000 for East Asians. Evident heterogeneity could be observed in the East Asian subgroup from Fig. 2 2 . However, when Cho et al. ( 2002 2002 )’s study was excluded, we found the heterogeneity decreased markedly ( I 2 from 60.3% to 43.3%, P value from 0.039 to 0.151 for East Asians; I 2 from 39.5% to 24.5%, P value from 0.053 to 0.183 overall) and the conclusions were still stable: OR=1.13, 95% CI 1.02–1.26, P =0.021 overall and OR=1.32, 95% CI 1.02–1.72, P =0.034 for East Asians. This indicated that this article may be the main source of heterogeneity as the sample in this article is relatively small compared to other studies. Begg’s funnel plot and Egger’s test were chosen to detect whether there is potential publication bias in the studies. As is shown in Fig. 4 4 , no significant publication bias was observed in TT+TC versus CC genotype for CAD or MI (Egger’s test P =0.072 and 0.263, respectively). (a) Egger’s test P =0.072; (b) Egger’s test P =0.263. OR: odd ratio; SE: standard error Discussion 1 As a member of MMP family, MMP-9 might be especially important in matrix degradation and the subsequent atheroslerotic plaque rupture because of its extensive substrate specificity and distal position in the proteolytic cascade reaction. Indeed, MMP-9 was highly expressed in the shoulder regions of advanced atherosclerotic lesions (Galis et al., 1994 1994 ; Brown et al., 1995 1995 ). Its concentration and activity were significantly higher in unstable atheroseclerotic plaque with intense inflammatory cell infiltration, hence contributing to the plaque rupture ultimately (Loftus et al., 2000 2000 ; Pasterkamp et al., 2000 2000 ). Some cross-sectional studies have reported that the plasma MMP-9 level was significantly higher in CAD patients, in particular in acute MI, than in control subjects (Kai et al., 1998 1998 ; Tayebjee et al., 2005 2005 ). Blankenberg et al. ( 2003 2003 ) also showed that plasma MMP-9 concentration was higher in patients with CAD and might be a novel predictor of cardiovascular disease. However, some other cohort studies suggested that serum MMP-9 is not a strong predictor of CAD (Welsh et al., 2008 2008 ; Jefferis et al., 2010 2010 ). Some possible explanations are as follows: plasma MMP-9 level is affected by many factors, such as genetic polymorphisms of MMP-9, drugs, and other factors. Lacchini et al. ( 2010 2010 ) found that there are interethnic differences in MMP-9 genetic polymorphisms. In our present study, we also confirmed that there was a significant ethnic difference of T allele distribution: the T allele distribution is much higher in CAD patients in East Asians but not in Westerners or West Asians. The relationship between MMP-9 genotype and MMP-9 levels is also quite distinct in different races. For example, no close association between MMP-9 genetic polymorphisms and plasma MMP-9 levels was found in healthy white subjects (Demacq et al., 2006 2006 ; 2008 2008 ; Lacchini et al., 2010 2010 ). However, a positive association was confirmed in black subjects (Metzger et al., 2012 2012 ). In addition, patients with CAD may take many drugs (such as statins) that could change plasma MMP-9 levels as indicated by some published studies (Souza-Costa et al., 2007 2007 ; Izidoro-Toledo et al., 2011 2011 ). In our present meta-analysis, we found a significant association between MMP-9 C1562T polymorphisms and CAD and MI in overall population and East Asians. There are several possible mechanisms to explain the association between MMP-9 C1562T polymorphisms and CAD or MI. Firstly, in vitro transfection experiments and DNA-protein interaction assays (Zhang et al., 1999a 1999a ) have suggested that T allele had a higher promoter activity than C allele: mutational T allele appeared to show preferential binding of a putative transcription repressor protein, and then the transcription repression process was relieved, contributing to production of more MMP-9. Secondly, MMP-9 might contribute to smooth muscle cell migration to intima, for smooth muscle cell migration rate to the vascular intima was markedly reduced in mice of MMP-9-knockout (Johnson and Galis, 2004 2004 ). In addition, the expression and activity of MMP-9 are significantly higher in unstable atherosclerotic plaque with intense macrophage infiltration, and this may cause plaque instability and final rupture (Kai et al., 1998 1998 ; Tayebjee et al., 2005 2005 ). These above mechanisms would partially explain the relatively close relationship between T allele carriers (TT+TC genotypes) and CAD or MI. There were some limitations to this meta-analysis. Firstly, no gene-gene or gene-environment interaction was evaluated. In fact, many other genes have been confirmed to be related to CAD, such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) (Asselbergs et al., 2004 2004 ) and adiponectin (Horne et al., 2007 2007 ). Environmental factors, such as diet and pressure of living, could also facilitate the occurrence of CAD. Secondly, a relevant article (Zhang et al., 1999a 1999a ) was excluded because we could not obtain sufficient information to calculate the genotype distribution. Finally, studies in other languages (not English) were not retrieved. That may lead to bias although the Begg’s funnel plot and Egger’s test showed no potential publication bias. 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Functional polymorphisms of matrix metallopeptidase-9 and risk of coronary artery disease in a Chinese population Compliance with ethics guidelines Xiao WANG and Lei-zhi SHI declare that they have no conflict of interest. This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors. 10.1631/jzus.B1300088 2013-03-26 2014-02-28 2013-08-12 2022-01-05 Copyright © Zhejiang University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 2014 Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B (Biomedicine and Biotechnology) 03 15