自闭症谱系障碍核心症状的药物疗法

谭佩莹; 沈晓琳; 曾礼漳; 翁旭初; 耿红岩

doi:10.1631/jzus.B2300864

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

自闭症谱系障碍核心症状的药物疗法

Scan QR Code

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

Submit

Review | Updated：2024-12-03

自闭症谱系障碍核心症状的药物疗法
Pharmacotherapy for the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder
浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术） 2024年25卷第11期页码：956-971
Affiliations：

1.Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou510631, China
2.Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou510631, China
Funds：

the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2019B030335001);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32200815);the National Social Science Foundation of China(20&ZD296);the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M721218)
DOI：10.1631/jzus.B2300864
中图分类号：
CSTR：
纸质出版日期： 2024-11-15 ，

收稿日期： 2023-11-30 ，

修回日期： 2024-05-09 ，
Accepted：

谭佩莹,沈晓琳,曾礼漳等.自闭症谱系障碍核心症状的药物疗法[J].浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）,2024,25(11):956-971.

PEIYING TAN, XIAOLIN SHEN, LIZHANG ZENG, et al. Pharmacotherapy for the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. [J]. Journal of zhejiang university-science b (biomedicine & biotechnology), 2024, 25(11): 956-971.
谭佩莹,沈晓琳,曾礼漳等.自闭症谱系障碍核心症状的药物疗法[J].浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）,2024,25(11):956-971. DOI： 10.1631/jzus.B2300864.

PEIYING TAN, XIAOLIN SHEN, LIZHANG ZENG, et al. Pharmacotherapy for the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. [J]. Journal of zhejiang university-science b (biomedicine & biotechnology), 2024, 25(11): 956-971. DOI： 10.1631/jzus.B2300864.

摘要

自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）是一系列以社交功能障碍和刻板行为为特征的神经发育疾病。ASD的病因在很大程度上仍未探明，它的临床表现多种多样，而且严重程度也各不相同。目前，尚无经监管机构批准的药物可有效治疗ASD的核心症状。儿童期和青春期是ASD治疗取得重大成果的关键阶段，因此有必要开发专门针对这两个时期的药物。根据药物的作用靶点和机制，研究发现非典型精神药物、抗炎和抗氧化药物、激素药物、离子通道药物和胃肠道药物能显著改善儿童和青少年的ASD核心症状。此外，比较分析同类药物的疗效和安全性可以确定更好的替代药物，并促进药物的开发。虽然这些药物的有效性和安全性仍需要进一步评估，但它们在临床治疗ASD核心症状方面具有巨大的广泛应用潜力。

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a range of neurodevelopmental diseases characterized by social dysfunction and stereotypic behaviors. The etiology of ASD remains largely unexplored

resulting in a diverse array of described clinical manifestations and varying degrees of severity. Currently

there are no drugs approved by a supervisory organization that can effectively treat the core symptoms of ASD. Childhood and adolescence are crucial stages for making significant achievements in ASD treatment

necessitating the development of drugs specifically for these periods. Based on the drug targets and mechanisms of action

it can be found that atypical psychotropic medications

anti-inflammatory and antioxidant medications

hormonal medications

ion channel medications

and gastrointestinal medications have shown significant improvement in treating the core symptoms of ASD in both children and adolescents. In addition

comparisons of drugs within the same category regarding efficacy and safety have been made to identify better alternatives and promote drug development. While further evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of these medications is needed

they hold great potential for widespread application in the clinical treatment of the principal symptoms of ASD.

关键词

自闭症谱系障碍核心症状药物治疗重复行为社交功能障碍

Keywords

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)Core symptomPharmacotherapyRepetitive behaviorsSocial dysfunction

references

Alsayouf HA, Talo H, Biddappa ML, et al., 2021. Risperidone or aripiprazole can resolve autism core signs and symptoms in young children: case study. Children (Basel), 8(5):318. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8050318https://doi.org/10.3390/children8050318

Alsayouf HA, Talo H, Biddappa ML, 2022. Core signs and symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder improved after starting risperidone and aripiprazole in combination with standard supportive therapies: a large, single-center, retrospective case series. Brain Sci, 12(5):618. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050618https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050618

Anagnostou E, 2018. Clinical trials in autism spectrum disorder: evidence, challenges and future directions. Curr Opin Neurol, 31(2):119-125. https://doi.org/10.1097/wco.0000000000000542https://doi.org/10.1097/wco.0000000000000542

Arab K, Rossary A, Flourié F, et al., 2006. Docosahexaenoic acid enhances the antioxidant response of human fibroblasts by upregulating γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl ligase and glutathione reductase. Br J Nutr, 95(1):18-26. https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051626https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051626

Aran A, Cassuto H, Lubotzky A, et al., 2019a. Brief report: cannabidiol-rich cannabis in children with autism spectrum disorder and severe behavioral problems—a retrospective feasibility study. J Autism Dev Disord, 49(3):1284-1288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3808-2https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3808-2

Aran A, Eylon M, Harel M, et al., 2019b. Lower circulating endocannabinoid levels in children with autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism, 10:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-019-0256-6https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-019-0256-6

Ashwood P, Krakowiak P, Hertz-Picciotto I, et al., 2011. Elevated plasma cytokines in autism spectrum disorders provide evidence of immune dysfunction and are associated with impaired behavioral outcome. Brain Behav Immun, 25(1):40-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2010.08.003https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2010.08.003

Bar-Lev Schleider L, Mechoulam R, Saban N, et al., 2019. Real life experience of medical cannabis treatment in autism: analysis of safety and efficacy. Sci Rep, 9:200. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37570-yhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37570-y

Batebi N, Moghaddam HS, Hasanzadeh A, et al., 2021. Folinic acid as adjunctive therapy in treatment of inappropriate speech in children with autism: a double-blind and placebo-controlled randomized trial. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 52(5):928-938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-01072-8https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-01072-8

Bent S, Lawton B, Warren T, et al., 2018. Identification of urinary metabolites that correlate with clinical improvements in children with autism treated with sulforaphane from broccoli. Mol Autism, 9:35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0218-4https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0218-4

Bethlehem RAI, Lombardo MV, Lai MC, et al., 2017. Intranasal oxytocin enhances intrinsic corticostriatal functional connectivity in women. Transl Psychiatry, 7(4):e1099. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2017.72https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2017.72

Brito AR, Vairo GDPT, Dias APBH, et al., 2021. Effect of prednisolone on language function in children with autistic spectrum disorder: a randomized clinical trial. J Pediatr (Rio J), 97(1):22-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2019.10.012https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2019.10.012

Cai QZ, Feng L, Yap KZ, 2018. Systematic review and meta-analysis of reported adverse events of long-term intranasal oxytocin treatment for autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 72(3):140-151. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12627https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12627

Cicala G, Barbieri MA, Santoro V, et al., 2020. Safety and tolerability of antipsychotic drugs in pediatric patients: data from a 1-year naturalistic study. Front Psychiatry, 11:152. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00152https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00152

Dantzer R, O'Connor JC, Freund GG, et al., 2008. From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci, 9(1):46-56. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2297https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2297

Deb SS, Retzer A, Roy M, et al., 2020. The effectiveness of parent training for children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analyses. BMC Psychiatry, 20:583. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02973-7https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02973-7

Doaei S, Bourbour F, Teymoori Z, et al., 2021. The effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on social and behavioral disorders of children with autism: a randomized clinical trial. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab, 27(1):12-18. https://doi.org/10.5114/pedm.2020.101806https://doi.org/10.5114/pedm.2020.101806

Duffy FH, Shankardass A, McAnulty GB, et al., 2014. Corticosteroid therapy in regressive autism: a retrospective study of effects on the Frequency Modulated Auditory Evoked Response (FMAER), language, and behavior. BMC Neurol, 14:70. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-14-70https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-14-70

Ecker C, Bookheimer SY, Murphy DGM, 2015. Neuroimaging in autism spectrum disorder: brain structure and function across the lifespan. Lancet Neurol, 14(11):1121-1134. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00050-2https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00050-2

Fleury-Teixeira P, Caixeta FV, Ramires da Silva LC, et al., 2019. Effects of CBD-enriched Cannabis sativa extract on autism spectrum disorder symptoms: an observational study of 18 participants undergoing compassionate use. Front Neurol, 10:1145. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.01145https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.01145

Frye RE, James SJ, 2014. Metabolic pathology of autism in relation to redox metabolism. Biomark Med, 8(3):321-330. https://doi.org/10.2217/bmm.13.158https://doi.org/10.2217/bmm.13.158

Frye RE, Slattery J, Delhey L, et al., 2018. Folinic acid improves verbal communication in children with autism and language impairment: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Mol Psychiatry, 23(2):247-256. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2016.168https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2016.168

Hacohen M, Stolar OE, Berkovitch M, et al., 2022. Children and adolescents with ASD treated with CBD-rich cannabis exhibit significant improvements particularly in social symptoms: an open label study. Transl Psychiatry, 12:375. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-022-02104-8https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-022-02104-8

Hadjikhani N, Zürcher NR, Rogier O, et al., 2015. Improving emotional face perception in autism with diuretic bumetanide: a proof-of-concept behavioral and functional brain imaging pilot study. Autism, 19(2):149-157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361313514141https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361313514141

Herscu P, Handen BL, Arnold LE, et al., 2020. The SOFIA study: negative multi-center study of low dose fluoxetine on repetitive behaviors in children and adolescents with autistic disorder. J Autism Dev Disord, 50(9):3233-3244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04120-yhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04120-y

Hetrick SE, McKenzie JE, Bailey AP, et al., 2021. New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 5(5):CD013674. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013674.pub2https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013674.pub2

Hirota T, King BH, 2023. Autism spectrum disorder: a review. JAMA, 329(2):157-168. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.23661https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.23661

Huang HL, Kuo CS, Chang TY, et al., 2021. An oral absorbent, AST-120, restores vascular growth and blood flow in ischemic muscles in diabetic mice via modulation of macrophage transition. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 155:99-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.03.001https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.03.001

James SJ, Melnyk S, Jernigan S, et al., 2006. Metabolic endophenotype and related genotypes are associated with oxidative stress in children with autism. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet, 141B(8):947-956. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30366https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30366

Kodak T, Bergmann S, 2020. Autism spectrum disorder: characteristics, associated behaviors, and early intervention. Pediatr Clin North Am, 67(3):525-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2020.02.007https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2020.02.007

Kompella S, Vittori A, Kroin J, et al., 2022. Impact of antipsychotic use on readmission rates in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and irritability. Cureus, 14(2):e22361. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.22361https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.22361

Le J, Zhang L, Zhao WH, et al., 2022. Infrequent intranasal oxytocin followed by positive social interaction improves symptoms in autistic children: a pilot randomized clinical trial. Psychother Psychosom, 91(5):335-347. https://doi.org/10.1159/000524543https://doi.org/10.1159/000524543

Lee SH, Ripke S, Neale BM, et al., 2013. Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs. Nat Genet, 45(9):984-994. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2711https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2711

Lee TM, Lee KM, Lee CY, et al., 2021. Effectiveness of N-acetylcysteine in autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 55(2):196-206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867420952540https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867420952540

Lemonnier E, Degrez C, Phelep M, et al., 2012. A randomised controlled trial of bumetanide in the treatment of autism in children. Transl Psychiatry, 2(12):e202. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.124https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.124

Lemonnier E, Villeneuve N, Sonie S, et al., 2017. Effects of bumetanide on neurobehavioral function in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Transl Psychiatry, 7(3):e1056. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2017.10https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2017.10

Lord C, Elsabbagh M, Baird G, et al., 2018. Autism spectrum disorder. Lancet, 392(10146):508-520. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31129-2https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31129-2

Lozovaya N, Nardou R, Tyzio R, et al., 2019. Early alterations in a mouse model of Rett syndrome: the GABA developmental shift is abolished at birth. Sci Rep, 9:9276. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45635-9https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45635-9

Luchtman DW, Song C, 2013. Cognitive enhancement by omega-3 fatty acids from child-hood to old age: findings from animal and clinical studies. Neuropharmacology, 64:550-565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.019https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.019

Malek M, Ashraf-Ganjouei A, Moradi K, et al., 2020. Prednisolone as adjunctive treatment to risperidone in children with regressive type of autism spectrum disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Neuropharmacol, 43(2):39-45. https://doi.org/10.1097/wnf.0000000000000382https://doi.org/10.1097/wnf.0000000000000382

Martínez-González AE, Andreo-Martínez P, 2019. The role of gut microbiota in gastrointestinal symptoms of children with ASD. Medicina (Kaunas), 55(8):408. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080408https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080408

Mechoulam R, Parker LA, 2013. The endocannabinoid system and the brain. Annu Rev Psychol, 64(1):21-47. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143739https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143739

Momtazmanesh S, Amirimoghaddam-Yazdi Z, Moghaddam HS, et al., 2020. Sulforaphane as an adjunctive treatment for irritability in children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 74(7):398-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.13016https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.13016

Niwa T, Emoto Y, Maeda K, et al., 1991. Oral sorbent suppresses accumulation of albumin-bound indoxyl sulphate in serum of haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 6(2):105-109. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/6.2.105https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/6.2.105

Pandina GJ, Bossie CA, Youssef E, et al., 2007. Risperidone improves behavioral symptoms in children with autism in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Autism Dev Disord, 37(2):367-373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0234-7https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0234-7

Panek M, Kawalec P, Pilc A, et al., 2020. Developments in the discovery and design of intranasal antidepressants. Expert Opin Drug Discov, 15(10):1145-1164. https://doi.org/10.1080/17460441.2020.1776697https://doi.org/10.1080/17460441.2020.1776697

Parellada M, Llorente C, Calvo R, et al., 2017. Randomized trial of omega-3 for autism spectrum disorders: effect on cell membrane composition and behavior. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 27(12):1319-1330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.08.426https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.08.426

Parker KJ, Oztan O, Libove RA, et al., 2017. Intranasal oxytocin treatment for social deficits and biomarkers of response in children with autism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 114(30):8119-8124. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705521114https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705521114

Pedrazzi JFC, Ferreira FR, Silva-Amaral D, et al., 2022. Cannabidiol for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: hope or hype?Psychopharmacology (Berl), 239(9):2713-2734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06196-4https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06196-4

Pintori N, Caria F, de Luca MA, et al., 2023. THC and CBD: villain versus hero? Insights into adolescent exposure. Int J Mol Sci, 24(6):5251. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065251https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065251

Reddihough DS, Marraffa C, Mouti A, et al., 2019. Effect of fluoxetine on obsessive-compulsive behaviors in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 322(16):1561-1569. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.14685https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.14685

Renard E, Leheup B, Guéant-Rodriguez RM, et al., 2020. Folinic acid improves the score of autism in the EFFET placebo-controlled randomized trial. Biochimie, 173:57-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2020.04.019https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2020.04.019

Rossignol DA, Frye RE, 2012. Mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry, 17(3):290-314. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2010.136https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2010.136

Rylaarsdam L, Guemez-Gamboa A, 2019. Genetic causes and modifiers of autism spectrum disorder. Front Cell Neurosci, 13:385. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2019.00385https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2019.00385

Scala M, Biondi L, Serretti A, et al., 2023. Obsessive-compulsive, psychotic, and autism dimensions overlap in real world: a case report. Clin Neuropharmacol, 46(4):149-152. https://doi.org/10.1097/wnf.0000000000000561https://doi.org/10.1097/wnf.0000000000000561

Siafis S, Çıray O, Wu H, et al., 2022. Pharmacological and dietary-supplement treatments for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Mol Autism, 13:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-022-00488-4https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-022-00488-4

Siegel-Ramsay JE, Romaniuk L, Whalley HC, et al., 2021. Glutamate and functional connectivity ‒ support for the excitatory-inhibitory imbalance hypothesis in autism spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging, 313:111302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111302https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111302

Sikich L, Kolevzon A, King BH, et al., 2021. Intranasal oxytocin in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med, 385(16):1462-1473. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2103583https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2103583

Singhi P, Malhi P, 2023. Early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder: what the pediatricians should know. Indian J Pediatr, 90(4):364-368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-022-04363-1https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-022-04363-1

Sprengers JJ, van Andel DM, Zuithoff NPA, et al., 2021. Bumetanide for core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (BAMBI): a single center, double-blinded, participant-randomized, placebo-controlled, phase-2 superiority trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 60(7):865-876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.07.888https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.07.888

Srikantha P, Mohajeri MH, 2019. The possible role of the microbiota-gut-brain-axis in autism spectrum disorder. Int J Mol Sci, 20(9):2115. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092115https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092115

Stewart Campbell A, Needham BD, Meyer CR, et al., 2022. Safety and target engagement of an oral small-molecule sequestrant in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: an open-label phase 1b/2a trial. Nat Med, 28(3):528-534. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01683-9https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01683-9

Surén P, Roth C, Bresnahan M, et al., 2013. Association between maternal use of folic acid supplements and risk of autism spectrum disorders in children. JAMA, 309(6):570-577. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.155925https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.155925

Thom RP, Pereira JA, Sipsock D, et al., 2021. Recent updates in psychopharmacology for the core and associated symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 23(12):79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-021-01292-2https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-021-01292-2

Tye C, Runicles AK, Whitehouse AJO, et al., 2019. Characterizing the interplay between autism spectrum disorder and comorbid medical conditions: an integrative review. Front Psychiatry, 9:751. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00751https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00751

Vahabzadeh A, McDougle CJ, 2013. Maternal folic acid supplementation and risk of autism. JAMA, 309(21):2208. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.4876https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.4876

Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y, Vallée JN, 2021. Cannabidiol and the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway in glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci, 22(7):3798. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073798https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073798

Wang MY, Liu HY, Ma ZG, 2022. Roles of the cannabinoid system in the basal ganglia in Parkinson’s disease. Front Cell Neurosci, 16:832854. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2022.832854https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2022.832854

Wei D, Lee D, Cox CD, et al., 2015. Endocannabinoid signaling mediates oxytocin-driven social reward. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 112(45):14084-14089. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509795112https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509795112

Whiting PF, Wolff RF, Deshpande S, et al., 2015. Cannabinoids for medical use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 313(24):2456-2473. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.6358https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.6358

Wu JX, Qin GY, 2023. The efficacy and safety of fluoxetine versus placebo for stroke recovery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Clin Pharm, 45(4):839-846. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-023-01573-1https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-023-01573-1

Yang XL, Liang S, Zou MY, et al., 2018. Are gastrointestinal and sleep problems associated with behavioral symptoms of autism spectrum disorder?Psychiatry Res, 259:229-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.040https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.040

Żebrowska P, Łaczmańska I, Łaczmański Ł, 2021. Future directions in reducing gastrointestinal disorders in children with ASD using fecal microbiota transplantation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 11:630052. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.630052https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.630052

Zhang LL, Huang CC, Dai Y, et al., 2020. Symptom improvement in children with autism spectrum disorder following bumetanide administration is associated with decreased GABA/glutamate ratios. Transl Psychiatry, 10:9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-0692-2https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-0692-2

Zimmerman AW, Singh K, Connors SL, et al., 2021. Randomized controlled trial of sulforaphane and metabolite discovery in children with autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism, 12:38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-021-00447-5https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-021-00447-5

浏览量

Downloads

CSCD

工具集

关联资源

Prefrontal cortical circuits in social behaviors: an overview