Screening, purification, and characterization of an extracellular lipase from Aureobasidium pullulans isolated from stuffed buns steamers

Screening, purification, and characterization of an extracellular lipase from Aureobasidium pullulans isolated from stuffed buns steamers 一种产自出芽短梗霉的胞外脂肪酶的分离纯化和酶学性质研究 1 3 first-author 2 1 3 1 3 1 3 corresp ‡Corresponding Author ‡Corresponding Author †E-mail:fengfq@zju.edu.cn †E-mail:fengfq@zju.edu.cn fengfq@zju.edu.cn College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China School of Management and E-business, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China School of Management and E-business, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China An extracellular lipase from Aureobasidium pullulans was obtained and purified with a specific activity of 17.7 U/mg of protein using ultrafiltration and a DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column. Characterization of the lipase indicated that it is a novel finding from the species A. pullulans . The molecular weight of the lipase was 39.5 kDa, determined by sodium dodecyl sulfonate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The enzyme exhibited its optimum activity at 40 °C and pH of 7. It also showed a remarkable stability in some organic solutions (30%, v/v) including n -propanol, isopropanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and hexane. The catalytic activity of the lipase was enhanced by Ca 2+ and was slightly inhibited by Mn 2+ and Zn 2+ at a concentration of 10 mmol/L. The lipase was activated by the anionic surfactant SDS and the non-ionic surfactants Tween 20, Tween 80, and Triton X-100, but it was drastically inhibited by the cationic surfactant cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). Furthermore, the lipase was able to hydrolyze a wide variety of edible oils, such as peanut oil, corn oil, sunflower seed oil, sesame oil, and olive oil. Our study indicated that the lipase we obtained is a potential biocatalyst for industrial use. 目的 2 从出芽短梗霉所产的脂肪酶中筛选具有独特酶学性质的脂肪酶. 创新点 2 发现了一种新的产自出芽短梗霉的脂肪酶,并对其酶学性质进行了研究. 方法 2 通过超滤和DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子层析柱方法对脂肪酶进行纯化,随后分别用对硝基酚邻酸盐(pNPP)法对纯化得到的脂肪酶进行了酶学性质研究,并用酸碱中和法检测了脂肪酶对可食用油脂的水解. 结论 2 对分离纯化得到的脂肪酶的酶学性质研究表明,该酶的分子量为39.5 kDa,具有一个亚基,为胞外酶.最佳催化温度为40 °C,最佳催化pH为7.该酶对一些有机溶剂、表面活性剂和离子具有优良的抗性.此外,它可以水解常见的食用油.这些良好的特性使该脂肪酶有可能被应用于洗涤剂生产、生物柴油合成和食品制造等一些工业领域. Lipase Aureobasidium pullulans Purification Enzymatic characterization 脂肪酶 出芽短梗霉 分离纯化 酶学性质表征 Introduction 1 Lipases (triacylglycerol hydrolases, EC 3.1.1.3) are a class of enzymes that hydrolyze triglycerides at the lipid–water interface and catalyze a series of synthesis reactions, including esterification, transesterification, and interesterification in organic media (Tomke and Rathod, 2015 2015 ). Lipases are extensively distributed in nature and are found in plants, animals, and microorganisms, but only lipases of microbial origin are commercially significant (Sharma et al., 2001 2001 ). Microbial lipases are a group of biotechnologically significant enzymes, mainly because of their versatility in application and the ease of mass production (Hasan et al., 2006 2006 ). Quite a few species of bacteria, yeasts, and molds have been found to produce lipases (Wang et al., 2007 2007 ; Hasan et al., 2009 2009 ) and a variety of microbial lipases have been widely used in different industries, such as the food, detergent, and pharmaceutical industries, because of their diversified enzymatic properties and substrate specificities (Hasan et al., 2006 2006 ). The use of lipases in various industrial reactions requires a good knowledge of the factors influencing their enzymatic activity, such as temperature, pH values, organic solvents, ions, and reaction media (Aouf et al., 2014 2014 ). In some cases, the lipase-catalyzed reactions need to be carried out in harsh or even toxic environments. For instance, biodiesels, mostly referred to as methyl esters, are generally synthesized from plant oil and methanol through a transesterification reaction by lipases, where methanol is harmful to lipase activity (Taher and Al-Zuhair, 2017 2017 ). Microbial lipases that can tolerate harsh environments offer new possibilities for industrial applications, and extensive research has been carried out to find novel lipases with these desired attributes (Salihu and Alam, 2015 2015 ), mainly encompassing organic solvent-tolerant lipases (Ebrahimpour et al., 2011 2011 ), thermostable lipases (Ebrahimpour et al., 2011 2011 ), detergent compatible lipases (Lailaja and Chandrasekaran, 2013 2013 ), acid-or alkaline-tolerant lipases (Peng et al., 2014 2014 ), salt-tolerant lipases (Ghasemi et al., 2011 2011 ), and ionic liquid-compatible lipases (Fauzi and Amin, 2012 2012 ). Aureobasidium pullulans is a ubiquitous yeast-like fungus that can be found in different environments and is known as “black yeast” because of its metabolite melanin and its yeast-like colonies (de Hoog, 1993 1993 ). A. pullulans is particularly famous for its significant role in the production of pullulan, a promising material widely employed in various fields (Singh and Saini, 2008 2008 ). It also exhibits biotechnological potential in the production of siderophore, single-cell proteins, and various enzymes including amylase, cellulose, lipase, and proteinase, among others (Chi et al., 2009 2009 ). Regarding its lipase activity, A. pullulans was first found to possess lipolytic activity towards Tween 20, 40, and 80 by Federici ( 1982 1982 ). Kudanga et al. ( 2007 2007 ) screened 42 A. pullulans isolates from the African tropics for lipase activity and found that 20 isolates showed lipolytic activity. Wang et al. ( 2007 2007 ) investigated the diversity of lipase-producing yeasts from marine environments and found that the strain A. pullulans HN2.3 produced extracellular lipase. Later, Liu et al. ( 2008a 2008a , 2008b 2008b ) characterized the lipase produced by A. pullulans HN2.3 by studying its production, purification, and enzymatic properties, and then isolated and characterized the gene encoding the lipase. The molecular weight of the purified lipase from A . pullulans HN2.3 was 63.5 kDa, and the optimum temperature and pH were 35 °C and 8.5, respectively. In this work, to purify the extracellular lipase from a lipase-producing strain, ultrafiltration and ion exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column) were employed. The characterization of the purified lipase under various conditions, such as temperature, pH, organic solvents, ions, surfactants, and edible oils showed that the lipase may have the potential to be used in biodiesels and structural lipids industries. Materials and methods 1 Microorganisms 2 The lipase-producing strains were isolated from stuffed buns steamers, which were reported in our previous work (Li et al., 2015 2015 ). The microorganisms had been identified as A . pullulans by 26S rRNA gene sequencing. In this study, the previously isolated strain J2, which possessed a relatively high lipase production ability and was selected for current study, was re-identified using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing for confirmation, and then was renamed as A . pullulans S3. This strain has been deposited in the China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC, Wuhan, China) with the accession number of CCTCC AF 2017014. Its ITS sequence has been deposited in GenBank with an accession number MF948886. Lipase production and purification 2 Pure colonies of strain S3 on potato dextrose agar (PDA) were inoculated into 15 mL medium A solution (per liter: yeast extract 10 g, tryptone 20 g, dextrose 10 g, maltose 10 g, olive oil 10 mL, and Tween 80 0.7 mL) in a 50-mL conical flask and incubated at 30 °C with shaking at 200 r/min for 48 h. Following that, 225 μL of the fermentation liquid was transferred to 15 mL of medium A solution (inoculum size of 1.5%, v/v) in a 50-mL conical flask and incubated at 30 °C with shaking at 200 r/min for 96 h. A lipase solution for the subsequent assays was collected by centrifugation for 5 min at 10 000 r/min at 4 °C. The crude lipase solution was filtered using a cellulose membrane filter with a pore diameter of 0.45 μm to remove the cells. The filtered lipase solution was then concentrated by ultrafiltration using a 10-kDa Amicon regenerated cellulose filter (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). The concentrated lipase was then lyophilized using a freeze drier (Labconco, Kansas, MO, USA), and 75 mg of the lipase powder was resuspended in 1 mL of buffer A (20 mmol/L Tris-HCl, pH 7.0) and centrifuged at 10 000 r/min for 1 min. The supernatant was loaded into a DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column which was pre-equilibrated with buffer A. The lipase was eluted using the buffer A solution with an increasing sodium chloride concentration gradient (0.02, 0.04, 0.10, and 1.00 mol/L). The flow rate was 0.8 mL/min and the collected protein fractions were detected using spectrophotometry. The fraction with the highest lipase activity was concentrated by ultrafiltration, and then freeze-dried for subsequent tests. The purified lipase was detected by sodium dodecyl sulfonate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) according to the method described by Laemmli ( 1970 1970 ) with some modifications. Acrylamide concentrations in the separating and stacking gels were 12% and 5%, respectively. The gel was stained by a Coomassie Blue G250 Stain Solution kit (Tiandz Biotech, Beijing, China) and observed with a gel imaging system (ChampGel 500, Sage Creation, Beijing, China). Lipase hydrolysis activity assay 2 The lipase activity was measured according to the method described by Winkler and Stuckmann ( 1979 1979 ) and Yuan et al. ( 2018 2018 ) with some modifications. Briefly, 90 mL of buffer B (20 mmol/L Tris-HCl solution containing 0.099 mg gum arabic, pH 8.0) was mixed with 10 mL of isopropanol containing 30 mg p -nitrophenyl palmitate (pNPP; Sigma-Aldrich, CA, USA) to make the substrate solution. The reaction mixture was composed of 600 μL of substrate solution, and 25 μL of an appropriately diluted enzyme was incubated at 40 °C for 15 min along with a control using denatured lipase. The reaction was terminated by adding 500 μL of 95% ethanol. The reaction mixture was centrifuged at 10 000 r/min for 3 min, and the supernatant was used to determine the amount of liberated p -nitrophenol based on the absorbance value at 410 nm. One unit (U) of enzyme activity was defined as the amount of enzyme required for the liberation of 1.0 μmol of p -nitrophenol from pNPP (Sigma-Aldrich, CA, USA) per minute under the assay conditions. Protein concentration test 2 Protein concentration was determined by the Bradford method using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a standard (Bradford and Williams, 1976 1976 ). Biochemical characterization 2 2.5.1 Effect of temperature on lipase activity and stability The purified lipase was resuspended in buffer A and diluted to an appropriate concentration (approximately 0.1 U/mL). The optimum temperature was measured by assessing the hydrolysis activity at various temperatures (10–70 °C). To assess lipase thermostability, the lipase was incubated at different temperatures (10–60 °C) for 1 h. The lipase enzyme incubated at 4 °C served as a control. The lipases were equilibrated to room temperature after a 1-h treatment, and then the residual activity was tested by the pNPP method as described above. 2.5.2 Effect of pH on lipase activity and stability To investigate the optimum pH, the substrate pNPP, dissolved into isopropanol, was mixed with a series of buffers with different pH values at a ratio of 1:9 (v/v). Buffers used in this study were CH 3 COONa/ CH 3 COOH (pH 5.0), NaH 2 PO 4 /Na 2 HPO 4 (pH 6.0 and 7.0), Tris-HCl (pH 8.0 and 9.0), and glycine/NaOH (pH 10.0). The reaction was carried out at the optimized temperature. The stability of the lipase in the pH ranged from 4.0 to 10.0 was examined by mixing the lipase with the buffers at a ratio of 1:24 and incubating at 4 °C for 1 h, after which the remaining activity was measured. The lipase suspended in buffer A acted as a control. 2.5.3 Effects of organic solvents, metal ions, detergents, and inhibitors on the stability of the lipase Several effectors, including 30% organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, n -propanol, isopropanol, acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hexane, heptane, and chloroform), 10 mmol/L metal ions (Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Mn 2+ , Ca 2+ , Ba 2+ , Zn 2+ , and Fe 2+ ), 0.05% detergents (Tween 20, Tween 80, and Triton X-100), 1 mmol/L SDS, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), and dithiothreitol (DTT) were added to the purified lipase and incubated at 4 °C for 1 h. The residual activity was measured by the pNPP method, and the activity of the purified lipase was used as a control. Hydrolysis of edible oils 2 The hydrolysis of edible oils was measured according to the method of Ramani et al. ( 2010 2010 ) with some modifications. The oil was emulsified in a 2% polyvinyl alcohol solution at the ratio 1:9 in a disperser homogenizer (IKA, Staufen, Germany). The reaction mixture was placed in a 100-mL conical flask containing 5 mL of oil emulsion, 2 mL of 0.03% Triton X-100, 2 mL of 3 mol/L NaCl, 1 mL of 0.075% (0.75 g/L) CaCl 2 , and 5 mL of distilled water. The mixture was kept at 40 °C for 5 min, and then 1 mL of lipase was added. All the flasks were kept in a water bath shaker at 40 °C for 10 min. The reaction was immediately terminated by adding 10 mL of 95% ethanol. The liberated fatty acids were titrated against 0.01 mol/L NaOH by adding 2–3 drops of phenolphthalein as an indicator. One unit of hydrolytic activity was defined as the amount of lipase needed to release 1 μmol of free fatty acid per min under the above conditions. Statistical analysis 2 The determination of the lipase activity affected by various factors and the hydrolysis of edible oils were performed in triplicate. The results were analyzed using the statistics software SPSS (version 20), and data are given as mean±standard deviation (SD). Results 1 Purification of the lipase 2 The extracellular lipase from the strain S3 was purified to homogeneity using ultrafiltration and ion exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column). The purification parameters are shown in Table 1 1 . The fraction with the highest activity collected showed a 6.3-fold purity increase compared with the crude lipase, and approximately 15.5% activity was recovered. Following that, the fractions with the highest activity were pooled and condensed by ultrafiltration. Finally, the lipase was purified to a 18.2-fold increase with a 7.2% activity yield. Electrophoretic analysis showed that the purified lipase has a single band with a relative molecular weight of 39.5 kDa on SDS-PAGE gel (Fig. 1 1 ), demonstrating that the obtained lipase has a single subunit. Purification scheme Total protein (mg) Protein yield (%) Total activity (U) Activity yield (%) Specific activity (U/mg protein) Fold purification Crude lipase 67.12 100.00 65.57 100.00 0.98 1.00 Ultrafiltration 23.22 34.59 28.25 43.08 1.22 1.25 DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow 1.65 2.46 10.18 15.53 6.16 6.30 Ultrafiltration 0.27 0.40 4.75 7.24 17.74 18.16 Lane 1: marker; Lane 2: purified lipase Effects of temperature and pH on lipase properties 2 In the range of the temperature test (10–70 °C), maximum hydrolytic activity was observed at 40 °C (Fig. 2 2 ). The catalytic activity increased as the temperature increased over the range of 10–40 °C and decreased when the temperature was higher. Notably, the lipase was found to be fairly active in the temperature range of 20–50 °C, although there was a decline after 40 °C. Similarly, its activity remained relatively stable over the range of 10–40 °C, retaining approximately 85% of its initial activity, but deteriorated sharply when the temperature was higher than 40 °C, and most of the activity was lost at 50 °C. Data are given as mean±SD, n =3. The lipase activity was measured in a buffer of pH 8.0 for 15 min. The maximum activity at 40 °C was defined as 100% The pH profile is shown in Fig. 3 3 . The lipase exhibited its maximum activity at pH 7.0, and this activity declined rapidly when the pH value diverged from the optimum level. Nevertheless, it has a relatively good tolerance to alkaline conditions and approximately 85% of its original activity was retained in the pH range of 7.0–10.0 after 1 h incubation. Data are given as the mean±SD, n =3. The lipase activity was measured at 40 °C for 15 min. The maximum activity at pH 7.0 was defined as 100% Effects of organic solvents on lipase activity 2 The results of the effects of selected organic solvents (30%, v/v) on the lipase activity are shown in Table 2 2 . Regarding the hydrophilic solvents, the lipase was rather stable after being treated in n propanol, isopropanol, and DMSO with a relative activity of over 100% (the activity of control was defined as 100%). However, the lipase lost part of its activity in the presence of methanol and ethanol. Of all the selected organic solvents in our study, acetone was the most destructive, as it deprived the lipase of 66.1% of its activity after 1 h incubation. For the hydrophobic organic solvents, hexane was found to enhance the lipase activity to 119.1%. Heptane, however, dramatically damaged the activity of the lipase, as well as chloroform. Effects of metal ions, surfactants, and inhibitors on lipase activity 2 In the metal ions test, 1 mol/L NaCl was found to increase the lipase activity up to 183.2% (Table 3 3 ). As seen in Table 3 3 , the lipase activity was not influenced by 10 mmol/L K + , Mg 2+ , and Ba 2+ , and its activity was promoted by 10 mmol/L Ca 2+ with the relative activity being 116.3%, while it was negatively affected by Mn 2+ , Zn 2+ , and Fe 2+ . The relative activity of lipase treated by the chelating agent EDTA was 106.7%, thus showing little effect. Data are given as mean±SD, n =3. The lipase activity was measured at the optimal temperature and pH of 40 °C and 7.0, respectively. The activity of the control (without organic solvents) was defined as 100.0% Organic solvent Final concentration (%, v/v) Relative activity (%) Control 100.0 Hydrophilic  Methanol 30 87.8±5.0  Ethanol 30 55.1±6.6   n -Propanol 30 107.2±4.9  Isopropanol 30 102.4±3.3  Acetone 30 33.9±2.8  DMSO 30 104.6±9.3 Hydrophobic  Hexane 30 119.1±4.7  Heptane 30 55.7±5.7  Chloroform 30 61.8±8.1 Data are given as mean±SD, n =3. The lipase activity was measured at the optimal temperature and pH of 40 °C and 7.0, respectively. The activity of the control (without any effectors) was defined as 100% Parameter Final concentration Relative activity (%) 3 Metal ions  Control 100.0  NaCl 1 mmol/L 183.2±2.6  KCl 10 mmol/L 102.0±0.4  MgCl 2 10 mmol/L 100.2±6.5  MnCl 2 10 mmol/L 89.7±5.5  CaCl 2 10 mmol/L 116.3±4.5  BaCl 2 10 mmol/L 107.0±6.0  ZnSO 4 10 mmol/L 81.4±4.5  FeSO 4 10 mmol/L 96.5±2.2  EDTA 1 mmol/L 106.7±5.5 3 3 Inhibitors and detergents  Control 100.0  Tween 20 0.05% (v/v) 203.9±2.0  Tween 80 0.05% (v/v) 259.6±6.8  Triton X-100 0.05% (v/v) 112.6±7.7  SDS 1 mmol/L 115.9±4.8  CTAB 1 mmol/L 22.2±1.9  DTT 1 mmol/L 123.1±5.2 The effects of detergents and inhibitors on the lipase activity are shown in Table 3 3 . The surfactants Tween 20 and Tween 80 greatly enhanced the activity to 203.9% and 259.6%, respectively. Triton X-100 and SDS enhanced the lipase activity slightly to 112%–116%. In contrast, the CTAB drastically damaged the lipase activity to 22.2%. DTT, as a thiol-reducing agent, enhanced the activity of the lipase to 123.1%. Hydrolysis of edible oils by the lipase 2 Nine kinds of cooking oils were used to test the hydrolytic activity of the lipase. As shown in Fig. 4 4 , the lipase could hydrolyze all nine edible oils with various degrees of hydrolysis. For a convenient comparison, the hydrolytic activity of the lipase against olive oil was defined as 100.0%. The lipase showed highest hydrolytic activity against peanut oil with a 129.8% relative activity, and higher activity was also shown when against corn oil, sunflower seed oil, and sesame oil than against olive oil. In contrast, the lipase hydrolyzed the animal oil lard more slowly and exhibited the lowest activity of 54.8%, followed by soybean oil at 79.0%. Data are given as mean±SD, n =3. The reactions were kept in a water bath shaker at 40 °C for 10 min Discussion 1 A variety of techniques have been employed for lipase purification, e.g. precipitation, ultrafiltration, gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and affinity chromatography (Saxena et al., 2003 2003 ; Ramani et al., 2010 2010 ; Shi et al., 2014 2014 ). Generally, the more techniques or steps used, the less enzyme recovery is obtained; therefore, the selection of purification approaches is practically significant. According to our results, ion exchange chromatography, combined with two ultrafiltration steps, is sufficient for lipase purification, and the enzyme is purified to homogeneity. The purified lipase has a single band with a relative molecular weight of 39.5 kDa on SDS-PAGE gel. The difference in molecular weight with the lipases produced by other A. pullulans strains (Liu et al., 2008a 2008a ; Leathers et al., 2013 2013 ) indicated that the lipase reported in our work might be a novel one produced by A. pullulans . In this study, the maximum hydrolytic activity of the lipase was observed at 40 °C, a higher temperature than that of the lipase from strain A. pullulans HN2.3 (Liu et al., 2008a 2008a ), presumably because of the adaptation of the strain we obtained to the relatively high temperature environment of the steamer. The activity of the lipase remained relatively stable in the range of 10–40 °C. Our results were in accordance with the previous conclusion that lipases from yeasts generally showed maximum activity at a temperature ranging from 30 to 50 °C (Liu et al., 2008a 2008a ; Li et al., 2013 2013 ). In addition to temperature, the hydrolytic activity of lipases is greatly influenced by pH values, and lipases are usually stable and active under neutral or alkaline conditions (Sharma et al., 2001 2001 ; Hasan et al., 2009 2009 ). In agreement with previous studies, the maximum hydrolytic activity of the lipase was shown at pH 7.0, and this activity declined rapidly when the pH value diverged from the optimum level, which might be due to the destruction of the lipase’s structure or the deterioration of its affinity to the substrate (Hamdy and Abo-Tahon, 2012 2012 ). The relative activity of the lipase was over 100% when treated in n -propanol, isopropanol, and DMSO, indicating that the lipase could tolerate these three organic solvents at a relatively high concentration (30%, v/v). A similar result of the tolerance to methanol and ethanol was reported by Tang et al. ( 2017 2017 ), but they found that methanol and ethanol at a low concentration (1%) could stimulate the activity of the lipase they studied. The lipase lost most activity when treated in acetone. This may be because acetone changed the secondary conformation of the enzyme by increasing the α-helices and decreasing random coil conformation (Sulong et al., 2006 2006 ). The activation of lipase by hexane could be explained by the fact that organic solvent molecules could interact with hydrophobic amino acid residues that cover the catalytic site of the enzyme, thereby keeping the enzyme in its open conformation and conducive to catalysis reactions (Rúa et al., 1993 1993 ). In practice, many reactions catalyzed by lipases occur in the presence of organic solvents. However, most lipases are not stable in organic solvents, especially hydrophilic organic solvents, because of the tendency of organic solvents to strip water molecules from the enzyme surface, thereby leading to the inactivation of the enzyme (Yang et al., 2004 2004 ). The tolerance of lipase to organic solvents is essential for industrial applications, such as the synthesis of fatty acid esters and biodiesels (Joseph and Ramteke, 2013 2013 ; Ugur et al., 2014 2014 ). However, the ability of lipase to resist organic solvents is solvent-dependent. That is to say, one solvent may exert quite a different influence on different lipases, such as stimulating, inhibiting, or having no effect at all (Salihu and Alam, 2015 2015 ). The lipase in our study is stable, or its stability could be enhanced in n -propanol, isopropanol, DMSO, and hexane; therefore, it has the potential to be employed in industrial fields involving these solvents. Regarding its tolerance to ions, 1 mol/L NaCl could increase the lipase activity, which indicated that the lipase could tolerate high concentration of NaCl and ensured that the lipase activity was retained in the elution process of purification. With a concentration of 10 mmol/L, Ca 2+ could activate the lipase and many lipases have been found to display enhanced activity in the presence of Ca 2+ (Ji et al., 2010 2010 ; Ramani et al., 2010 2010 ; Li et al., 2014 2014 ). A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that Ca 2+ binds to the active site of the lipase and changes the conformation of the protein (Rahman et al., 2005 2005 ). It is worth noting that the effects of metal ions on lipase activity are related to the concentrations of the ions and the sources of the lipases (Hasan et al., 2009 2009 ). A certain ion may have quite different or even reverse impacts on lipases produced by different microbes. For instance, 1 mmol/L Fe 3+ slightly stimulated the activity of the lipase from A. pullulans HN2.3 but greatly inhibited the activity of the lipase of Aspergillus terreus var. africanus. The chelating agent EDTA is a metal chelator and could be used to test whether the lipase is a metalloenzyme or not (Ramírez-Zavala et al., 2004 2004 ). In this study, EDTA showed little effect on the lipase activity. This demonstrated that the lipase we obtained is not a metalloenzyme. Lipases hydrolyze triglycerides at the lipid–water interface, and consequently, the presence of surfactants is supposed to affect the activity of lipases (Kanjanavas et al., 2010 2010 ). In this study, surfactants of all three different categories, namely, cationic, anionic, and non-ionic, exerted a strong influence on the activity of the lipase. The two non-ionic surfactants, Tween 20 and Tween 80, greatly enhanced the activity by almost 2-fold. However, the results from research investigating the influence of these two surfactants on lipases are conflicting, which may be due to the different concentrations the researchers used or the discrepancy of the lipase’s nature (Kanjanavas et al., 2010 2010 ; Shi et al., 2014 2014 ). Another non-ionic surfactant, Triton X-100, also enhanced the lipase activity, but to a lesser extent. SDS, an anionic surfactant, also stimulated the activity of the lipase, and SDS’s promoting role for lipase activity has been observed by others (Kanjanavas et al., 2010 2010 ; Shi et al., 2014 2014 ). The enhancement of SDS to lipase activity may be explained by: (1) the formation of an SDS/ lipase complex, which led to a conformational alteration of the lipase (Antonov et al., 1988 1988 ; Martinelle et al., 1995 1995 ) and was able to bind other lipase molecules which set up their active sites, facilitating the catalytic reactions; (2) at a low concentration, SDS made the lipase destabilized, but not denatured, and the destabilized status might help the lipase better accommodate the substrate molecules (Mogensen et al., 2005 2005 ). Detergent manufacturing is one of the most important industrial applications of lipases (Aref et al., 2014 2014 ), and the enhancement of lipase activity indicates that the lipase we obtained could be used with the above surfactants in making various detergents. In contrast, the cationic surfactant CTAB acted as an inhibitor, seriously damaging the lipase activity, and a similar result was reported by Yuan et al. ( 2016 2016 ). DTT, as a thiol-reducing agent, can reduce the disulfide bonds in proteins and change protein structures. In this study, DTT enhanced the activity of the lipase, implying the non-existence of disulfide bonds in the lipase active site (Peng et al., 2014 2014 ). Interestingly, it has been frequently reported that the addition of DTT could increase lipase activity (Peng et al., 2014 2014 ; Ramakrishnan et al., 2016 2016 ). This increase may occur because DTT prevents the enzymes from forming intramolecular and intermolecular disulfide bonds and makes the enzyme active sites exposed to more substrates (Peng et al., 2014 2014 ). The lipase showed higher hydrolytic activity against peanut oil, corn oil, sunflower seed oil, and sesame oil than against olive oil. As in a previous report on the lipase produced by strain A. pullulans HN2.3 (Liu et al., 2008a 2008a ), the lipase we obtained also exhibited its highest hydrolytic activity against peanut oil, implying that lipases secreted by A. pullulans may have similar catalytic preferences. Additionally, the reason why peanut oil is preferred is of great interest for further research. In contrast, the lipase hydrolyzed the animal oil lard more slowly and exhibited the lowest activity towards it, followed by soybean oil. Similarly, the lipase produced by the strain A. pullulans HN2.3 also showed a lower activity against lard and soybean oil, but, conversely, the lipase hydrolyzed lard more effectively than soybean in the study by Liu et al. ( 2008a 2008a ). Other work has reported that lipases hydrolyzed plant oils more easily than animal oils, presumably because of the difference in the degree of saturation of the oils (Shi et al., 2014 2014 ). It has also been indicated that most lipases displayed low activity in hydrolyzing marine (fish) oils that are rich in n -3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Hiol et al., 2000 2000 ). The variation in lipase activity in relation to different oils may be influenced by their substrate specificity and chain length specificity (Hiol et al., 2000 2000 ). However, in this study, the ability of the lipase to hydrolyze oils used daily confers on the lipase characteristics allowing it to be potentially applied in the detergent industry and for the digestion of lipids in the fields of food and medicine. Conclusions 1 An extracellular lipase produced by the species A . pullulans was characterized in terms of its enzymatic properties. Purification methods, including ultrafiltration and DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column, were effectively used to obtain the lipase. Electrophoresis analysis showed that it has a molecular weight of 39.5 kDa. 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Spoilage potential of psychrotrophic bacteria isolated from raw milk and the thermo-stability of their enzymes Compliance with ethics guidelines Yang LI, Tong-jie LIU, Min-jie ZHAO, Hui ZHANG, and Feng-qin FENG declare that they have no conflict of interest. This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors. 10.1631/jzus.B1800213 Project supported by the Science & Technology Major Project of Zhejiang Province, China (No. 2012C12005-2) 2018-04-08 2018-06-27 2022-01-05 Copyright © Zhejiang University and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 2019 Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B (Biomedicine and Biotechnology) 04 20