Non-specific anti-viral approach towards Ebola virus infection: a comment on “Against Ebola: type I interferon guard risk and mesenchymal stromal cell combat sepsis”

Non-specific anti-viral approach towards Ebola virus infection: a comment on “Against Ebola: type I interferon guard risk and mesenchymal stromal cell combat sepsis” 1 first-author 2 3 corresp ‡Corresponding Author ‡Corresponding Author †E-mail:wviroj@yahoo.com †E-mail:wviroj@yahoo.com wviroj@yahoo.com Sanitation 1 Medical Academic Center, Bangkok 10160, Thailand Sanitation 1 Medical Academic Center, Bangkok 10160, Thailand Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical University, Pune 411018, India Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical University, Pune 411018, India 1 The recent “Viewpoint” by Zhang et al. ( 2015 2015 ) entitled “Against Ebola: type I interferon guard risk and mesenchymal stromal cell combat sepsis”, published in Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B (Biomedicine & Biotechnology) , is very interesting, which mentioned the possible role of non-specific anti-viral approach towards Ebola virus infection. They noted the role of interferon and “applying a non-specific anti-viral approach during the incubation period of virus infection as an essential protection to put the host’s immune system into an alert state and henceforth to slow down the viral replication.” In previous report, Zhang and Wang ( 2014 2014 ) mentioned the long history of Ebola virus infection discovery. However, the success in disease management is still not reached. Indeed, the role of interferon in treatment of Ebola has been widely discussed (Shuchman, 2014 2014 ). The effectiveness of interferon has been proved in some animal models (Smith et al., 2013 2013 ). However, in addition to interferon mentioned by Zhang et al. ( 2015 2015 ), there have been other non-specific anti-viral approaches for possible usefulness in the treatment of Ebola. The good examples include melatonin (Tan et al., 2014 2014 ; Anderson et al., 2015 2015 ) and antibodies, such as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) (Rager-Zisman, 2014 2014 ). Focusing on melatonin, Tan et al. ( 2014 2014 ) first raised the possibility for its use as a new drug against Ebola. They noted that melatonin had activity targeting many pathological processes observed in Ebola virus infections (such as disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiple organ hemorrhage) and proposed that melatonin might have some advantages as a new treatment. Anderson et al. ( 2015 2015 ) recently concluded that melatonin had roles in the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and optimizing the appropriate immune response that could be useful for management of Ebola virus infection. Focusing on antibodies, immune sera are mentioned for effectiveness against the infection (Eickmann and Schumacher, 2014 2014 ). However, the availability and safety of antibodies remain important points for further discussion (Rager-Zisman, 2014 2014 ). Nevertheless, there is still no clear evidence confirming the efficacy of interferon or other non-specific anti-viral approaches towards Ebola. Further clinical trials are needed. Finally, we would also like to note that there are also some new reports on the possible effectiveness of specific antiviral drug towards Ebola. The latest report on the effectiveness of favipiravir against Ebola in animal models is one such potential new antiviral drug (Nagata et al., 2014 2014 ; Oestereich et al., 2014 2014 ; Mentré et al., 2015 2015 ). Currently it is used for management of the infection in some settings (Mentré et al., 2015 2015 ). However, the great concern is the lack of supporting evidence from scientific clinical trials (Nagata et al., 2014 2014 ). References G Anderson , M Maes , RP Markus , 等 . Ebola virus: melatonin as a readily available treatment option . J Med Virol , 2015 . 87 ( 4 ): 537 - 543 . 25611054 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24130 http://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.24130 . 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Against Ebola: type I interferon guard risk and mesenchymal stromal cell combat sepsis Compliance with ethics guidelines Beuy JOOB and Viroj WIWANITKIT declare that they have no conflict of interest. 10.1631/jzus.B1500035 2022-01-05 Copyright © Zhejiang University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 2015 Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B (Biomedicine and Biotechnology) 03 16