Effect of total dissolved gas supersaturated water on early life of David’s schizothoracin (Schizothorax davidi)

Effect of total dissolved gas supersaturated water on early life of David’s schizothoracin ( Schizothorax davidi ) 1 first-author 1 2 1 corresp ‡Corresponding Author ‡Corresponding Author †E-mail:kefengli@scu.edu.cn †E-mail:kefengli@scu.edu.cn kefengli@scu.edu.cn 1 State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan 430010, China Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan 430010, China The effect of total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation on fish living downstream of dams is one of the main ecological risks of high dam construction. A strategy for mitigating the negative effects is needed urgently since many high dams are under construction in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China. Experiments on the hatching process of David’s schizothoracin were carried out and the results show that the hatching rate decreased with increasing TDG levels, and that most eggs hatched within a very short time in the higher TDG saturation groups. By using a stereomicroscope, damages to the head, yolk sac, body, anus, etc. were found in larvae which hatched in TDG supersaturated water. Results show that the lesion rate increased with increasing TDG levels. Furthermore, 7-d-old David’s schizothoracin were exposed to TDG supersaturated water levels of 100%, 105%, 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, and 140% for testing their tolerance to TDG supersaturation. We found that the median lethal concentrations (LC 50 ) for 13, 14, 20, 35, 52, 73, and 96 h exposure were 138%, 138%, 134%, 130%, 129%, 128%, and 126%, respectively. The median lethal times (LT 50 ) were 7.49, 11.04, 19.25, and 35.38 h for exposure to water with TDG levels of 145%, 140%, 135%, and 130%, respectively. Total dissolved gas (TDG) TDG supersaturation David’s schizothoracin Hatch Larvae Introduction 1 When water spills over a dam and falls into the tailrace, it can be supersaturated with atmospheric air. The effect of total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation on fish downstream of dams has become one of the most important ecological risks of high dam projects. TDG saturation levels greater than 120% were observed downstream from most dams in the Columbia River, USA and its branches during dam spilling (Ryan and Dawley, 1998 1998 ; US Army Corps of Engineer, 2005 2005 ). Li et al. ( 2009 2009 ) reported that in China, TDG levels had reached 140%, 130%, 124%, and 143% downstream from the Ertan Dam, Zipingpu Dam, Manwan Dam, and Three Gorges Dam, respectively. TDG supersaturation was still found hundreds of meters downstream from these dams. Many studies have concluded that TDG supersaturated water, with saturation levels ranging from 105% to 110%, can cause gas bubble disease (GBD) in fish. Fish can die within a few hours when they are exposed to TDG levels greater than 140% (Backman and Evans, 2002 2002 ; Weitkamp et al., 2003 2003 ). Many studies have reported that tolerance to TDG supersaturation varies among different fish species, stages of development, and fish of different sizes (Bentley et al., 1976 1976 ; Bouck, 1976 1976 ; Beeman et al., 2003 2003 ). There are two opposite opinions about the tolerance of fish at different developmental stages. Some studies suggest that tolerance increases with the life stages and the most serious damage is likely to occur in larvae and fry (Dennison and Marchyshyn, 1973 1973 ; Cornacchia and Colt, 1984 1984 ), but others found that tolerance of fish to gas supersaturation decreases from the alevin stage to the juvenile stage (Weitkamp and Katz, 1980 1980 ; Krise and Herman, 1989 1989 ). Studies on the effects of TDG supersaturation on fish started late in China. Tan et al. ( 2006 2006 ) explored the tolerance and adaptive behavior of fish in TDG supersaturated water. Xu et al. ( 2008 2008 ) found that growth and food intake of turbot were promoted by oxygen supersaturation. Acute lethal and avoidance response experiments on rock carp exposed to TDG supersaturation were carried out by Huang et al. ( 2010a 2010a ). Liu et al. ( 2011 2011 ) studied the sensitivity of different tissues of rock carp of different ages to TDG supersaturated water. They found that gill tissue was more sensitive than muscle, and that three-year-old fish were the most sensitive while one-year-old fish were the least. In China, the time for most fish spawning and hatching in the Yangtze River coincides with dam spilling periods. Few studies have been made of the effects of TDG supersaturation on the early life and the physiological activity of fish. In this study, David’s schizothoracin living in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and seriously threatened by TDG supersaturation were chosen as the study’s objects. Symptoms of gas bubble disease, the lesion rate, the median lethal concentration (LC 50 ), and the median lethal time (LT 50 ) were observed or calculated to determine the effect of TDG supersaturation on David’s schizothoracin. These experiments may be helpful for establishing water quality standards for hydropower projects in China, and for evaluating the effects of TDG supersaturation on the ecosystem. Materials and methods 1 Experimental materials and instrumentations 2 A hatching experiment was carried out with David’s schizothoracin eggs, which were obtained from the Lusan Baojian Fishery Company, Ya’an, Sichuan, China. Before the trial, eggs were kept in a tank at the State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering (Sichuan University, China) for 27 h, where the water temperature was (20±0.5) °C, and the pH value 7.3±0.3 (mean±standard deviation (SD)). A tolerance test was conducted for 7-d-old larvae hatching in normal conditions. During the experiment, water temperature, TDG levels, dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH values were measured daily using a mercury thermometer, Point Four tracker (Point Four Systems Inc., Canada), dissolved oxygen meters (Oxi 3210 SET 3 Inc., Germany), and a digital pH meter (JENCO Model 6010, China), respectively. The experimental conditions were as follows: water temperature (20±0.5) °C, pH 7.3±0.3, DO 7.5–8.0 mg/L. Effect of TDG supersaturation on the hatching of David’s schizothoracin 2 An experiment was carried out using the system available at the State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering. TDG supersaturated water can be generated by pouring air and water into an autoclave at the same time (Huang et al., 2010b 2010b ). Parallel tests were carried out. Fifty eggs were held in each of a series of tanks with saturation levels of 100%, 105%, 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, and 140%. During the experiment, the hatching time was recorded and the damage to the fish was observed with a stereomicroscope. The hatching rate, median hatching time (HT 50 ), and lesion rate were calculated. Study on the tolerance of David’s schizothoracin to TDG supersaturation 2 Twenty 7-d-old larvae hatching in normal conditions were exposed to each of a series of tanks with TDG levels of 100%, 105%, 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, and 145%, respectively. Parallel tests were carried out under the same conditions. In the experiment, the behavior of fish was observed continuously, and the time of death of each fish was recorded. According to the results, the LT 50 was determined using Probit method, and the LC 50 was calculated by linear interpolation (Zhou and Zhang, 1989 1989 ). Results 1 Effects of TDG supersaturation on the hatching of David’s schizothoracin 2 Hatching rate and time 3 Fig. 1 1 shows that the relationship between hatching rate and TDG supersaturation could be approximated by a linear equation, y =−0.7333 x +164.44 ( R 2 =0.9624), where y is the hatching rate, x is the TDG saturation level, and R 2 is the related coefficient. Fig. 1 1 indicates that the hatching rate decreased with increasing TDG levels. The hatching time of David’s schizothoracin was affected even at low saturations such as 105% and 110%, and was seriously affected in groups with high TDG levels of 135% and 140%. In Fig. 2 2 , the relationship between the HT 50 and the TDG supersaturation can be expressed by y =0.0072 x 2 −1.6367 x +138.03 ( R 2 =0.9338), where y is the HT 50 , x is the TDG saturation level, and R 2 is the related coefficient. The relationship between the TDG supersaturation and the time for all larvae to hatch (HT 100 ) could be approximated by y= 0.0058 x 2 −1.6126 x +162.72 ( R 2 = 0.9828), where y is the HT 100 , x is the TDG saturation level, and R 2 is the related coefficient. There was little influence on the HT 50 in the lower TDG groups, but as TDG levels increased, the HT 50 began to rise, and HT 100 was negatively correlated with the TDG supersaturation. Most eggs hatched in a very short time in higher TDG supersaturated water, as shown by the HT 50 and HT 100 values, which is not beneficial for their survival in nature due to competition for food. Lesion rate 3 During the experiment, eggs in the treatment groups were floating on the water surface with lots of bubbles around them and could not sink to the bottom of the tanks. The larvae were examined with a stereomicroscope to explore the effects of TDG supersaturation on the hatching of David’s schizothoracin, and the lesion rates were calculated. Figs. 3 3 – 8 8 show that the hatching of David’s schizothoracin was seriously affected by TDG supersaturation. Lesions were found in several parts of the fish, such as the eyes, head, and tail. Fig. 9 9 shows that the lesion rate increased with the TDG level. Owing to random sampling, sometimes lesion rates in the lower TDG groups were higher than those in other groups, such as the rates at TDG levels of 110% and 115% in Sample 2 (Fig. 9b 9b ). (b) Left to right: head canker and hyperemic eye; (c) Left to right: bubbles in the gills, eyes and necks. Arrows point out the parts with lesions (b) Left to right: rots in the nutrient canal, bubbles in the yolk sac and yolk sac congestion. Arrows point out the parts with lesions (b) Left to right: body congestion, bubbles in the body, and air embolus in the body; (c) Left to right: body swelling and body bent. Arrows point out the parts with lesions (b) Left to right: swelling, congestion, and air embolus in the anus. Arrows point out the parts with lesions (b) Left to right: congestion and bubble in the fish bellies. Arrows point out the parts with lesions (b) Left to right: tails bent, congestion, and bubbles in the tails. Arrows point out the parts with lesions (a) One day after hatching; (b) Two days after hatching Acute lethality experiment 2 Figs. 10 10 and 11 11 show the LT 50 at different TDG supersaturations and the LC 50 at different times. Larvae died a few hours after exposure in the water to TDG levels greater than 135%, and the LT 50 increased dramatically at 130% saturation and after 96 h of exposure. About 30% and 20% dead fish were found in the 125% and 120% saturation tanks, respectively. Almost no dead fish were found in the 100%, 105%, 110%, and 115% saturation tanks, so the LT 50 was not calculated in these cases. Discussion 1 Hatching experiment 2 It is essential for embryos to develop during the period from the fertilized egg to the pre-hatching stage. Development may terminate or embryos may suffer a higher lesion rate and a lower hatching rate by hatching prematurely from the fertilized egg. In the present study, the HT 50 increased with increasing TDG levels, the hatching time became much more condensed, the hatching rate decreased, and the lesion rate increased in the high TDG saturation groups. In such cases, we conclude that the early life of David’s schizothoracin could be seriously affected by TDG supersaturation. Many studies have been carried out on the early life of fish. The hatching and survival of a fish can be affected by several factors. Alderdice and Forrester ( 1971 1971 ) found that cod eggs could incubate successfully when the water temperature ranged from 2.5 °C to 8.5 °C, and determined some limiting temperatures in different situations during the spawning period. Guo ( 1982 1982 ) reported that water temperatures above 5 °C were harmful to the hatching of grass carp. Experimental results showed that a water temperature of 12 °C was suitable for egg incubation, while yolk absorption was most efficient at 15 °C (Hart and Purser, 1995 1995 ). In this study, the water temperature was kept stable at 20 °C, a temperature suitable for hatching of David’s schizothoracin. Rombough ( 1988 1988 ) and Oppen-Berntsen et al. ( 1990 1990 ) reported that hatching could be delayed in a hyperoxic environment and advanced under a hypoxic environment. DO levels increased as TDG saturation increased, and the hatching time was longer in tanks with higher TDG levels. Thus, our results agree well with theirs. Noor-Hamid et al. ( 1994 1994 ) reported that fish larvae could easily be damaged by decreasing pH values. Lee and Menu ( 1981 1981 ) and Swanson ( 1996 1996 ) pointed out that the development of eggs can be affected by salinity. Other studies suggested that light intensity and pollutants could also trouble the hatching process (Shan, 1993 1993 ; Chai et al., 2008 2008 ). Since the hatching period is affected by so many factors, keeping a stable experiment is of great importance. The effects of different combinations of these factors on hatching need further study. The present study provides important information concerning the effects of TDG supersaturation on fish in the Yangtze River. Acute lethality experiment 2 Similar to the effects on hatching, the tolerance of fish was also affected by many factors, including water temperature, life stage, species, and TDG saturation levels. Nebeker et al. ( 1978 1978 ) found that the mortality of rainbow trout, but not of red salmon, increased with temperature. As in the hatching experiment, a stable water temperature was very important for tolerance. Bouck ( 1976 1976 ) reported that adult trout died nearly 200 h later than juvenile fish when the mortality reached 20%. Arntzen et al. ( 2009 2009 ) found that chum salmon eggs showed a strong tolerance to TDG levels from 110% to 115%. Jensen et al. ( 1986 1986 ) reported that fish in high TDG levels died quicker than those in lower levels. The present results match well those of Jensen et al. ( 1986 1986 ) and Huang et al. ( 2010a 2010a ). Beeman et al. ( 2003 2003 ) found that the LT 50 differed among fish species (Table 1 1 ). Results in this study showed that the LT 50 of larvae of David’s schizothoracin exposed to TDG levels of 130% was 35.4 h. The larvae showed a relatively high tolerance to TDG supersaturation compared to the other fish species listed in Table 1 1 . Data are from Beeman et al. ( 2003 2003 ) and the present study (David’s schizothoracin) 2 Species 2 LT 50 (h) 125% TDG 130% TDG Largescale sucker 17.0 9.5 Longnose sucker 56.0 30.0 Northern pikeminnow 15.3 10.5 Redside shiner 116.0 31.0 Walleye 169.0 62.0 David’s schizothoracin 35.4 Therefore, to set up water quality standards in China, the responses of different fish species at different stages of development in conditions close to the natural environment need to be studied. However, the present results provide some basic data for establishing water quality standards in China. Conclusions 1 The effects of TDG supersaturation on the early life of David’s schizothoracin were studied. 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All institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals were followed. 10.1631/jzus.B1200364 Project (No. 50979063) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China 2012-12-29 2013-06-05 2013-05-04 2022-01-05 Copyright © Zhejiang University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 2013 Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B (Biomedicine and Biotechnology) 07 14