Species diversity of Lachnum (Helotiales, Hyaloscyphaceae) from temperate China

Species diversity of Lachnum (Helotiales, Hyaloscyphaceae) from temperate China 1 2 first-author †E-mail:yeming123@sina.com †E-mail:yeming123@sina.com yeming123@sina.com 1 1 1 1 1 Department of Biology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China Department of Biology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China Department of Biochemistry Engineering, Anhui University of Technology and Science, Wuhu 241000, China Department of Biochemistry Engineering, Anhui University of Technology and Science, Wuhu 241000, China Twenty-three temperate China species of Lachnum , Lachnum abnorme , L . angustum , L . brevipilosum , L . calosporum , L . calyculiforme , L . carneolum , L . ciliare , L . controversum , L . flavidulum , L . cf. fushanese , L . indicum , L . kumaonicum , L . lushanese , L . minutum , L . montanum , L . cf. pteridophyllum , L . pygmaeum , L . sclerotii var. sclerotii , L . sclerotii var. sichuanense , L . subpygmeaum , L . tenuissimum , L . virgineum and L . willisii are reported, whose main characteristics are given in a formula of the described species, some of which are discussed below. Lachnum Species diversity Formula of described species INTRODUCTION 1 A large number of Lachnum species have been reported from diverse regions of the world (Dennis, 1949 1949 ; 1961 1961 ; Galán and Raitviir, 1994 1994 ; Haines, 1980 1980 ; 1992 1992 ; Haines and Dumont, 1984 1984 ; Haines and Kaneko, 1984 1984 ; Sharma, 1986 1986 ; Singh, 1975 1975 ; Spooner, 1987 1987 ; Tai, 1979 1979 ; Teng, 1934 1934 ; 1963 1963 ; Wu et al., 1998 1998 ; Wu and Haines, 1999 1999 ; Zhuang and Hyde, 2001 2001 ). The earliest records of Lachnum in China dated back to 1934 when the Chinese mycologist Teng ( 1934 1934 ) reported two species from Zhejiang and Yunnan Provinces. In the two eminent works, “Fungi of China” by Teng ( 1963 1963 ) and “Sylloge Fungorum Sinicorum” by Tai ( 1979 1979 ), four species were recorded. Recently, new taxa of the genus in tropical China were successively found (Zhuang and Wang, 1998a 1998a ; 1998b 1998b ; Zhuang and Hyde, 2001 2001 ), whereas only a few regions of temperate China were surveyed (Zhuang, 1997 1997 ; 2000 2000 ; Ye and Zhuang, 2003 2003 ). China has vast territory and abundant resources in most provinces and autonomous regions which are located in the temperate zone, where temperature varies greatly from south of the Arctic Circle to north of the Tropic of Cancer, and where rich species diversity of Lachnum occurs. This is only a report of Lachnum from limited regions of temperate China, with more species expected to be discovered in future. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1 Collections of Lachnum and a few related genera are deposited in the Mycological Herbarium, Institute of Microbiology, Academia Sinica (HMAS) from Anhui, Beijing, Hebei, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jilin, Sichuan and Yunnan. An apothecium selected was rehydrated in water for a few minutes. Sections were made using a freezing microtome and mounted in lactophenol-cotton blue solution. Ascospore iodine reaction was determined in Melzer’s reagent, only a small number of samples were pretreated in 2.5% ( w / V ) KOH. Twenty-three Lachnum species were identified, with their main characteristics being shown in the formula of the described species, including apothecia diam, colour of hymenium, length×width of hairs, size of cell in ectal excipulum, thickness of medullary excipulum and hymenium, size of asci, shape and size of ascospores, width of paraphyses and length of paraphyses exceeding the asci. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1 Lachnum abnorme (Mont.) (Haines and Dumont, 1984 1984 ; Tai, 1979 1979 ; Korf and Zhuang, 1985 1985 ; Wu et al., 1998 1998 ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=0.5~4+yellow to light yellow+20~165×(2~) 2.6~5.2 (~5.5)+(3.5~) 6~12 (~20)×(2~) 4~10 (~16)+42~405+(83~) 100~150 (~208)+(56~) 80~119 (~125)×(5~) 6~9 (~10.4)+cylindric+(36~) 40~61 (~68)×(1.2~) 1.5~2 (~2.2)+1.5~2.5 (~3)+0~13. 2. Specimens examined 3 On bark, Chengong, Yunnan, C.C. Cheo 56, 25 VII 1938, HMAS 17043; on twig, Xuanwei, Yunnan Q.H. Wang 4, 23 VI 1938, HMAS 17044; on bark, Xishan, Kunming, Yunnan, C.C. Cheo 48, 16 VII 1938, HMAS 17045; on twig, Xishan, Kunming, Yunnan, G.Z. Jiang 221, 4 VII 1945, HMAS 17046; on bark, Xishan, Kunming, Yunnan, C.C. Cheo 38, 15 VII 1938, HMAS 17047; on twig, Xishan, Kunming, Yunnan, C.C. Cheo 12, 1 VII 1938, HMAS 17048; on bark, Xishan, Kunming, Yunnan, C.C. Cheo 19, 12 VII 1938, HMAS 17049; on bark, Xishan, Kunming, Yunnan, C.C. Cheo 35, 15 VII 1938, HMAS 17051; on duff, Xishan, Kunming, Yunnan, C.C. Cheo 13, VII 1938, HMAS 17052; on twig, Xishan, Kunming, Yunnan, W.F. Qiu, 22 VII 1942, HMAS 17053; on twig, Jiezhusi, Kunming, Yunnan, G.Z. Jiang 219, 20 VI 1945, HMAS 17055; on withered wood of a broadleaf tree, Luolin, Henan, H.Y Liu 216, 17 VI 1958, HMAS 24096; on rotten wood, Nanjing, Fujian, S.C. Teng 5888, 14 VI 1958, HMAS 24097; on withered wood of a broadleaf tree, Huayuancun, Wulingshan, Hebei, Y.Z. Wang 6219, 21 VIII 1957, HMAS 26023; on fallen twig, Nanjing, Fujian, S.C. Teng 5859, 13 VI 1958, HMAS 27666; on fallen wood, Lushan, Jiangxi, S.C. Teng, 18 VI 1959, HMAS 27669; on rotten wood, Huayuancun, Wulingshan, Hebei, K.G. Ji 161, 8 IX 1958, HMAS 27670; on living bark, Changbaishan, Jilin, alt. 1750 m, Y.C. Yang and J.R. Yuan 422, 25 VII 1960, HMAS 28103; on withered wood, Wenmiaoshan, Sichuan, alt. 800 m, Q.M. Ma, C.M. Wang and Y.X. Han 19, 13 VI 1960, HMAS 29384; on twig, Qingchengshan, Sichuan, Q.M. Ma and C.M. Wang 146, 21 VI 1960, HMAS 29385; on bark and wood, Xichang, Sichuan, alt. 2000 m, W.Y. Zhuang 37, 19 VI 1983, HMAS 45065; on rotten wood, Xichang, Sichuan, S.X. Seng 44, 19 VI 1983, HMAS 45066; on bark and wood, Xichang, Sichuan, W.Y. Zhuang 48, 21 VI 1983, HMAS 45068; on rotten bark and wood, Emeishan, Sichuan, alt. 1000 m, W.Y. Zhuang 83, 27 VI 1983, HMAS 45070; on bark and wood, Qingchengshan, Sichuan, W.Y. Zhuang 114, 6 VII 1983, HMAS 45071; on bark, Qingchengshan, Sichuan, alt. 1200 m, W.Y. Zhuang 136, 7 VII 1983, HMAS 45072; on bark, Qingchengshan, Sichuan, alt. 1000 m, W.Y. Zhuang 99, HMAS 45088; on bark of small stump and root, Qingchengshan, Sichuan, R.P. Korf 2370, 17 IX 1981, HMAS 51843; on dead stump, Xichang, Sichuan, W.Y. Zhuang 40, 19 VI 1983, HMAS 51844; on wood, Pingli, Sichuan, H.A. Wen, 20 VIII 1994, HMAS 69633; on rotten wood, Donglingshan, Beijing, Y.Q. Huang 1591, 20 VII 1996, HMAS 71787; on stump, Jiouhuashan, Anhui, X.K. Teng 9060, 29 IV 1935, HMAS 7199. 3. Discussion 3 This fungus is distributed widely in diverse regions of China. Compared with the British material (Dennis, 1949 1949 ), the subhymenium of the Chinese material is not clearly differentiated and asci are longer [80~119 (~125) μm vs (77~) 85~96 (~105) μm]. HMAS 71787 differs from the others in being much wider [2~4 μm vs 1.5~2 (~3) μm] and having longer paraphyses exceeding the asci by 16~25 (~34) μm instead of 0~13 μm. It might represent a new variety of L . abnorme but the material is in too poor condition to be a type. Lachnum angustum (Ye and Zhuang, 2003 2003 ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=1~2.5+orange to reddish orange+(64~) 102~208 (~299)×2~3 (~3.5)+8~14 (~20)×3~5 (~7)+21~430+125~145+(69~) 88~110×(4.2~) 5~5.5 (~6)+narrowly cylindric-clavate+(9~) 12~18 (~22.5)×(1.5~) 2~2.6 (~3)+1.5~3+0~16. 2. Specimens examined 3 On rotten bark, Gonggashan, Sichuan, alt. 200 m, Z. Wang 2046, 16 VIII 1997, HMAS 72033; on rotten bark, Kangding, Sichuan, alt. 3700 m, Z. Wang 2166, 27 VIII 1997, HMAS 72073; on twigs, Luhe, Sichuan, alt. 3600 m, 3 IX 1997, Z. Wang 2198, HMAS 74619; on rotten twigs, Luding, Sichuan Province, alt. 2580 m. Z. Wang 2096, 19 VIII 1997 HMAS75903; on an unidentified twig, Dadingzishan, Jiaohe Forest Station, Jilin Province, alt. 800 m. W.Y. Zhuang 766, HAMS 81379. 3. Discussion 3 This species is very similar to L . berggrenii Spooner ( 1987 1987 ) in length of asci and size of ascospoers. It is different from the latter in having longer [(64~) 102~208 (~299) μm vs 60~90 μm] and narrower hairs [2~3 (3~3.5) μm vs 2.5~3.5 μm] , narrower asci [(4.2~) 5~5.5 (~6) vs 7~8 μm], paraphyses exceeding the asci by 8~13 (~16) μm instead of rarely exceeding the asci. Lachnum brevipilosum (Baral and Krieglst, 1985 1985 ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=0.2~0.4+orange (dry)+40~92×2~3+8~11×3~6+26~105+64~70+(38~) 42~50×(3.5~) 4~4.5+cylindric-clavate+6~8×1.5~1.8+1.8~2.2+8~11. 2. Specimen examined 3 On stems of Rubus sp., Kaiyuan, Yunnan, Y. Tsiang 722, 21 III 1934, HMAS 9246. 3. Discussion 3 This collection fits the description of Dasyscyphus brevipilosum Le Gal given by Dennis ( 1949 1949 ) but its hairs are longer (92 µm vs 50 µm) and have no enlarged tip. Lachnum calosporum (Pat. and Gaillard) (Haines and Dumont, 1984 1984 ; Zhuang and Wang, 1998a 1998a ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=1~3+light yellow to yellow+28~126×3.8~5.2+5.2~12 (~20)×4~9 (~16)+104~140+78~107×(5~) 7.5~9+(5~) 7 (~10, ~11, ~13, ~14)+cylindric+(41~) 52~78 (~83)×1.5~2.5 (~2.8)+2~4+5~13. 2. Specimens examined 3 On rotten wood, Beijing, China, alt. 1100 m, X.Q. Zhang and A.Q. Luo 2031, 16 VII 1996, HMAS 75785; on bark, Xiaolongmen Forestry Station, Beijing, alt. 1000 m, X.Q. Zhang and A.Q. Luo 1590, 20 VII 1996, HMAS 71786. 3. Discussion 3 This fungus differs from Lachnum calosporum (Pat. and Gaill.) Haines and Dumont ( 1984 1984 ) in having redish brown hairs instead of buff hairs, not having yellow incrustations resembling crystals at the hair tips, having smaller asci [78~107×(5.0~) 7.5~9 µm vs 100~150×10~15 µm], with (5~) 7 (~14) septate instead of 17-septate, smaller ascospores [(41~) 52~78 (~83)×1.5~2.5 (~2.8) µm vs (70~) 80~100 (~130)×(1.9~) 2.1~2.8 (~3.2) µm] and wide paraphyses (2~4 µm vs 2~3 µm). Lachnum calyculiforme (Schumach.: Fr.) (Tai, 1979 1979 ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=0.2~0.8 (dry)+dark brown (dry)+48~173×3.5~4.5+48~173×3.5~4.5+8~12×6~10+42~166+83~104+56~58×3~3.5+fusoid to clavate+6~9×(1.2~) 1.5~2+3.5~5+10~17 (~21). 2. Specimen examined 3 On fallen twig, Changbaishan, Jilin, alt. 1700 m, Y.C. Yang et al. 445, 27 VII 1960, HMAS 33842. Lachnum carneolum (Sacc.) (Zhuang and Hyde, 2001 2001 ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=0.2~0.4+white+42~85×(2.5~) 3~4+7~13×(3~) 4~11+41~145+58~74+(32~) 35~52×3~4+cylindric-clavate+(4.5~) 5~7 (~8)×(0.9~) 1.2~1.8+4~6 (~8.5)+15~24. 2. Specimens examined 3 On fallen leaves, Emeishan, Sichuan, W.Y. Zhuang 66, VI 1983, HMAS 45079; on twig, Donglingshan, Hebei, Y.Q. Huang, 20 VII 1996, HMAS 71788. 3. Discussion 3 These two collections fit the description of L . carneolum provided by Dennis ( 1949 1949 ) but the former has slightly longer paraphyses exceeding the asci by 18~24 µm instead of 15 µm. Lachnum ciliare (Schrad.: Fr.) (Korf and Zhuang, 1985 1985 ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=0.1~0.2 (dry)+pure white+31~75 (~110)×3~5+5~15×3.5~10+10~66 (~118)+52~78+46~77×5~7.5+(11~) 15~21×(2~) 2.5~3+long-fusiform+(11~) 15~21×(2~) 2.5~3+1.5~2.2+0~13. 2. Specimens examined 3 On leaves of Quercus sp., Liupanshan, Ningxia, alt. 1800 m, W.Y. Zhuang and W.P. Wu 1735, 24 VIII 1997, HMAS 72732; on leaf blade, Qingchengshan, R.P. Korf 2437, 19 IX 1981, HMAS 51845; on of Quercus sp. leaf, Donglingsi, Lushan, Jiangxi, Z. Wang and W.Y. Zhuang 1454, 17 X 1996, HMAS 81382; on leaves of Quercus sp., Donglingsi, Lushan, Jiangxi, Z. Wang and W.Y. Zhuang 1447, 17 X 1996, HMAS 81383. 3. Discussion 3 Ascus pore J+ of HMAS 1383 react in Melzer’s reagent after pretreatment in 2.5% KOH. Lachnum controversum (Cooke) (Ye and Zhuang, 2002 2002 ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=0.3~1.5+light yellow to white+21~101×2~3 (~3.5)+6~15×3.5~8 (~11)+12~83 (~132)+54~89+(28~) 35~55×3~4 (~4.5)+fusoid to clavate+(4~) 5~7 (~10.5)×1.2~1.8 (~2)+3~5+8~25 (~34). 2. Specimens examined 3 On rotten stems of grasses, Donglingshan, Beijing, alt. 1300 m, Z. Wang 1615, 6 VI 1997, HMAS 75891; on rotten stems of grasses, Donglingshan, Beijing, alt 1300 m, Z. Wang 1617, 6 VI 1997, HMAS 75892; on rotten stems of grasses, Donglingshan, Beijing, alt. 1300 m, Z. Wang 1616, 8 VI 1997, HMAS 75889; on stems of a monocotyledon, Jinggangshan, Jiangxi, alt. 800 m, W.Y. Zhuang and Z. Wang 1545, 25 X 1996, HMAS 82384; on stems of grasses, Lushan, Jiangxi, Z. Wang and W.Y. Zhuang 1445, 17 X 1996, HAMS 81385. 3. Discussion 3 These collections differ from the British ones (Dennis, 1949 1949 ) in buff instead of pinkish hymenium, longer and narrower hairs [21~101×2~3 (~3.5) µm vs 50~60×3.5~4 µm], and shorter ascospores [(4~) 5~7×1.2~1.8 (~2) µm vs 8~10 (~11)×1.5 µm] . Lachnum flavidulum (Rehm) (Wu et al., 1998 1998 ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=0.2~0.3+brown (dry)+22~58×2~3 (~3.5)+8~10×2.5~3+12~60+47~53+32~36×3~3.6+cylindric-clavate to fusoid+6~9×1.2~1.5+1.5~2.1+8~13. 2. Specimen examined 3 On fern, Qingchengshan, Sichuan, R.P. Korf 2417, 19 IX 1981, HMAS 51847. 3. Discussion 3 This collection differs from material of Taiwan Province (Wu et al., 1998 1998 ) in shorter hairs (58 µm vs 88 µm) and smaller asci [32~35×3~3.6 µm vs (25~) 31~41 (~48)×(2.5~) 4.7~5.7 (~7.7) µm]. Lachnum cf. fushanense (Wu and Haines, 1999 1999 ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=0.1~0.3+yellow+38~79×2~4+8~14×3~3.5+26~60+62~70+(42~) 47~55×4~5+cylindric+25~35×(0.8~) 1~1.3+1.5~2 (~3)+0. 2. Specimen examined 3 On fallen leaves of a dicotyledon, Taihuasi, Xishan, Kunming, Yunnan, S.J. Shen, 5 VII 1945, HMAS 17054. 3. Discussion 3 This collection is close to L . fushanesis from Taiwan Province (Wu and Haines, 1999 1999 ) in size of asci and width of ascospores but differs from the latter in white instead of light reddish brown hairs tipped with ruby-red resin-like matter, with more septa (2~4 vs 0~2) and many guttules in the hairs, slightly wider asci [(42~) 47~55×4~5 µm vs (42~) 48~53 (~54)×3~4 µm], and shorter ascospores [25~35×0.8~1.3 µm vs (32~) 35~38 (~41)×0.8~1.3 µm] . It might be a new variety but the material is in too poor condition to be a type. Lachnum indicum (E.K. Cash) (Haines and Dumont, 1984 1984 ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=1~3+yellow+38~64×2.5~4.5+6~8×4~5+40~158+132~145+97~110×8~10+cylindric+55~80×2~2.5+2.2~3+5~13. 2. Specimen examined 3 On bark and wood, Emeishan, Sichuan, alt. 1000 m, W.Y. Zhuang 82, 27 VI 1983, HMAS 45069. 3. Discussion 3 Compared with the description of Lachnum indicum given by Haines and Dumont ( 1984 1984 ) this collection has longer ascospores [55~80×2~2.5 µm vs (35~) 40~55 (~70)×(1.8~) 2.1~2.5 (~3) µm] with more septa [5~7 (~8) vs 0~7] . Lachnum kumaonicum (M.P. Sharma) (Sharma, 1986 1986 ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=0.2~0.3 (dry)+yellowish pink (dry)+24~83×2.5~3.5+12~15×4~5+20~93+145~166+80~108×8~10+cylindric+63~76 (~84)×2~3+2~2.5+8~13. 2. Specimen examined 3 On bamboo culms, Shengnongjia, Hubei, H.Z. Li, 30 VII 1984, HMAS 54020. 3. Discussion 3 This collection is different from the description of L . kumaonicum given by Haines ( 1992 1992 ) in shorter hairs (24~83 µm vs 50~125 µm), longer cells in the ectal excipulum (12~15 µm vs 10 µm), longer asci (80~108 µm vs 70~95 µm) and paraphyses exceeding the asci 8~13 µm instead of 25 µm. Lachnum lushanense (Zhuang and Wang, 1998a 1998a ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=0.4~1.2+white+21~100×2~3+4~23×3~7+25~150+50~62+40~50×3~4.5+narrowly fusiform+10~18×1~1.5+1.5~2+3~8. 2. Specimen examined 3 On dead leaf sheath at stem base of an unknown grass, Lushan, Jiangxi, W.Y. Zhuang and Z. Wang 1462, 18 X 1996, HMAS 71903. Lachnum minutum (Ye and Zhuang, 2003 2003 ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=0.2~0.3+white+40~81×2~2.5+8~10×2.8~7+15~40+103~116+(68~) 87~97 (~107)×(7~) 8~9 (~10.5)+elongate-fusoid to subclavate+(17~) 26~35 (~38)×3~3.5+1.5~2.1+5~10. 2. Specimen examined 3 On leaf sheath of cogongrass, Ciping, Jiangxi Province, alt. 860 m, W.Y. Zhuang and Zheng Wang 1577, HMAS 81376. 3. Discussion 3 Lachnum minutum is very close to L . sclerotii (Haines and Dumont, 1984 1984 ) in length of asci and ascospoers. It differs from the latter in wider asci [(7~) 8~9 (~10.5) µm vs (6~) 7~8 (~9.4) µm], wider ascospores [3.0~3.5 (~4.0) µm vs (2~) 2.3~3 µm] , wider hairs (2~2.5 µm vs 2.5~3.8 µm), narrower paraphyses (1.5~2.1 µm vs (2~) 2.3~2.9 (~3.2) µm) and substates (on leaf of sheath of cogongrass instead of on wood or bark of hardwood twigs, stem or trunks). And its hair is white, without any resinous matter. Lachnum montanum (Ye and Zhuang, 2003 2003 ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=0.3~0.5+light yellow+21~52×2~3+5~12×2.5~5+13~132+105~132+60~93×5~7.5 (~8.5)+ellipsoidal-fusoid+(10~) 14~19.5×2~3 (~3.5)+1.8~2.5+21~26. 2. Specimens examined 3 On stem of a monocotyledons, Jinggangshan, Jiangxi Province, alt. 800 m, W.Y. Zhuang and Z. Wang 1538, 25 X 1996, HMAS 81377; on stem of a monocotyledons, Ciping, Jiangxi Province, alt. 860 m, W.Y. Zhuang and Z. Wang 1538, 25 X 1996, HMAS 81378. 3. Discussion 3 This species is similar to Lachnum euterpes Cantrell and Haines ( 1997 1997 ) in the size of apothecia, ascospores shape and width of paraphyses, and size of ectal excipulum cells. The former differs from the latter in having no red hymenium, shorter and narrower hairs (58×2~3 vs 110×3~4.5 µm), longer asci (60~93 µm vs 50~65 µm) and substrates (on stem of other monocotyledons instead of on the leaves of palms). In addition, it is very similar to L . lushanense Zhuang and Wang ( 1998a 1998a ) in length of ascospores. It differs from the latter in shorter cell of ectal excipulum (5~12 µm vs 4~23 µm), wider ascospores [2~3 (~3.5) µm vs 1~1.5 µm], larger asci [60~93×5~7.5 (~8.5) µm vs 40~50×3.5~4.5 µm] , paraphyses exceeding the asci by 21~26 µm instead of 5~8 µm, and without red amorphous matter capping the hairs. Lachnum cf. pteridophyllum (Rodway) (Spooner, 1987 1987 ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=0.3~0.5+yellow+26~53×1.8~3+6~13×2.5~6.5+10~46+51~65+40~48×3.5~4+narrowly fusiform+8~11 (~12)×(1.2~) 1.5~2+1.5~2.5+5~10. 2. Specimens examined 3 On fern, Qingchengshan, W.Y. Zhuang 138, 7 VII 1983, HMAS 45063; on rachis of Dicranopteris dischotoma (Thumb.) Bernh, Qingchengshan, Sichuan, R.P. Korf 2414, 19 IX 1981, 51846. 3. Discussion 3 These two collections differ from Australasian material in shorter cells in the ectal excipulum (6~13×2.5~6.5 µm vs 12~20×3.5~5 µm) without slightly thickened walls, smaller asci [40~48×3.5~4 µm vs (47~) 52~65×4.5~5.5 µm] and much shorter ascospores [8~11 (~12) µm vs (12~) 14.5~19 (~24.5) µm] . It might be a distinct variety of L . pteridophyllus but the material is in too poor condition to be a type. Lachnum pygmaeum (Fr.) (Korf and Zhuang, 1985 1985 ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=0.6~1.2 (~3)+bright yellow to pure white+21~83×3~4.5+6~21×2.5~17+20~125 (~342)+55~78+34~53×(3~) 3.5~4 (~4.5)+subcylindric to fusoid+(5~) 6~9×1.5~2+2.5~4 (~5)+5~12 (~20). 2. Specimens examined 3 On root, Qingchengshan, Sichuan, alt. 1100 m, W.Y. Zhuang 120, 6 VII 1983, HMAS 45073; on living bark of root, Qingchengshan, alt. 1000 m, W.Y. Zhuang 101, 5 VII 1983, HMAS 45075; on a root, Qingchengshan, Sichuan, R.P. Korf and R.Y. Zheng 2334, 16 IX 1981, HMAS 51849; on rotten bark, Yungusi, Huangshan, Anhui, alt. 800~1000 m, Lin, Wang, Zhuang, Yu and Wu 1091, 26 IX 1993, HMAS 81386. 3. Discussion 3 These materials differ from the British ones (Dennis, 1949 1949 ) in longer hairs (21~83×3~4.5 µm vs 20~40×4~5 µm) and smaller asci [34~53×(3~) 3.5~4 (~4.5) µm vs 60~70×5~6 µm]. Lachnum sclerotii (A.L. Sm.) (Haines and Dumont, 1984 1984 ) var. sclerotii 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=0.5~2.2+buff to yellow+34~162×2.5~4+(4~) 6~15×4~11+26~208+80~125+60~89×(4~) 5~6 (~8)+fusiform+16~26 (~31)×(1.5~) 1.8~3+1.5~2.5+5~12 (~21). 2. Specimens examined 3 On bark, Shengnongjia, Hubei, alt. 2500 m, J.X. Tian 33, 10 VII 1984, HMAS 56470; on fallen twig, Zhenping, Shaanxi, alt. 1400 m, J.Y. Zhuang 5389, 15 VIII 1994, HMAS 69634; on fallen twig, Zhenping, Shaanxi, alt. 1500 m, X.Q. Zhuang 1982, 15 VIII 1994, HMAS 69635; on rotten wood, Ciping, Jiangxi, alt. 860 m, Z. Wang and W.Y. Zhuang 1561, 26 X 1996, HMAS 81387; on twig, Cingping, Jiangxi, alt. 860 m, Z. Wang and W.Y. Zhuang 1565, 26 X 1996, HMAS 81388. Lachnum sclerotii (A.L. Sm.) (Haines and Dumont, 1984 1984 ) var. sichuanense (Ye and Zhuang, 2003 2003 ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=0.5~2+yellow to light yellow+43~275×2.5~4+5~21×3~13+42~180+145~196+(93~) 105~135×(7~) 7.8~9.5+fusiform+18~26 (~36)×(2.6~) 3.4~4+2~3+0. 2. Specimens examined 3 On twigs of Rosa sp., Gonggashan, Sichuan Province, alt. 2920 m, Z. Wang 2112, 20 VIII 1997, HMAS 72055; on rotten twigs of Rosa sp., Luding, Sichuan Province, Z. Wang 2029, HMAS 75904. 3. Discussion 3 This fungus is very similar to L . sclerotii (Haines and Dumont, 1984 1984 ) in size of apothecia, width of asci and size of ascospores. It differs from the latter in discoid instead of shallow cup-shaped apothecia, very refractive excipulum, snow-white and longer instead of buff to ochreous and shorter hairs, without any lump of amber-colored and resinous matter, hairs walls slightly thick to thick not thin, longer asci [93~135 µm vs (75~) 82~90 (~100) µm], paraphyses subcylindric to lanceolate, rarely exceeding the asci instead of exceeding the asci by 12 µm. Lachnum subpygmeaum (Zhuang, 1998 1998 ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=1.5~3+yellow+42~144×(2~) 2.5~3.5 (~4)+8~16×2.5~10+21~500+(85~) 103~125+71~87×(3.5~) 4~5+fusiform to fusoid+7~12.5×1.5~2+(1.5~) 2~3.5+5~12. 2. Specimens examined 3 On fallen twig, Dadian, Taibaishan, alt. 2230 m, Q.M. Ma and S.C. Zong 2581, 20 VII 1963, HMAS 33305; on fallen twig, Pingansi, Taibaishan, alt. 2740 m, Q.M. Ma and S.C. Zong 2581, 22 VII 1963, HMAS 33306; on wood with bryophyte, Taiziping, Emeishan, Sichuan, alt. 3000 m, C.M. Wang, Q.M. Ma et al. 338, 10 VII 1960, HMAS 33743; on rotten wood, Dadian, Taibaishan, alt. 2300 m, 21 VII 1963, HMAS 34700; on bark, Houzishi, Shengnongjia, Hubei, J.X. Tian 80, 30 VII 1984, HMAS 56471. 3.Discussion 3 The above collections differ from the Guangxi ones (Zhuang, 1998 1998 ) in having yellow instead of cream hymenium, refractive ectal excipulum tissues, longer and wider hairs [42~144×(2~) 2.5~3.5 (~4.0) µm vs 38~90×2.5~3 µm], narrower asci (65~) 71~87 (~92)×(3.5~) 4~5.2 µm vs 65~81×6.5~7 µm) and ascospores (7~11 (~13)×1.5~2 µm vs 10~13.1×2.3~2.8 µm) and wider paraphyses [(1.5~) 2~3.5 µm vs 1.8~2 µm] . Lachnum tenuissimum (Quél.) (Korf and Zhuang, 1985 1985 ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=0.2~0.3+yellow (dry)+21~66×3~3.5+6~11×5~6+5~13+55~67+35~41×3.5~4+narrowly fusiform to cylindric-clavate+6~9 (~10)×1~1.5 (~1.8)+3~5+16~26. 2. Specimen examined 3 On a grass blade, Qingchengshan, Sichuan, R.P. Korf and R.Y. Zheng 2331, 16 IX 1981, HMAS 51848. 3. Discussion 3 The Sichuan material is different from the British one (Dennis, 1949 1949 ) in longer asci (35~41 µm vs 26~33 µm) and paraphyses exceeding the asci by 16~26 µm instead of 10 µm. Lachnum virgineum (Batsch: Fr.) (Teng, 1934 1934 ; Zhuang and Wang, 1998b 1998b ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=0.3~1.3+white, ivory to yellow+21~83 (~105)×(2~) 2.5~4.5 (~5)+6~13×3~10 (~13)+12~132+42~79+(32~) 40~53×(3~) 3.5~5+fusoid to cylindric-clavate+5~9×1.5~2 (~2.5)+3~5 (~6)+5~21 (~26). 2. Specimens examined 3 On bark, Xichang, Sichuan, alt. 2000 m, W.Y. Zhuang 38, 19 VI 1983, HMAS 45074; on bark, Qingchengshan, Sichuan, alt. 1200 m, W.Y. Zhuang 137, 7 VII 1983, HMAS 45077; on bark, Qingchengshan, Sichuan, W.Y. Zhuang 141, 7 VII 1983, HMAS 45078; in cracks of bark of living Cryptomeria sp., Qingchengshan, Sichuan, R.P. Korf 2363, 17 Ix 1981, HMAS 51850; on bark, Qingchengshan, Sichuan, W.Y. Zhuang 124, 6 VII 1983, HMAS 51851; on pine cone, Liupanshan, Ningxia, alt. 1800 m, W.Y. Zhuang and W.P. Wu 1650, 23 VIII 1997, HMAS 72731; on twig, Hill near Hot Spring, Anning, Yunnan, alt. 1850 m, R.P. Korf, Z. Wang and W.Y. Zhuang 415, 7 XI 1988, HMAS 81389; on twig, Hill near Hot Spring, Anning, Yunnan, alt. 1850 m, R.P. Korf, Z. Wang and W.Y. Zhuang 412, 7 XI 1988, HMAS 81390; on twig, Yungusi, Huangshan, Anhui, alt. 800~1000 m, Y.R. Ling, Y. Wang, W.Y. Zhuang, S.M. Yu and M.J. Wu 1087, HMAS 81391; on twig, Ciping, Jiangxi, alt. 860 m, Z. Wang and W.Y. Zhuang 1566, 26 X 1996, HMAS 81392; on twig, Hill near Hot Spring, Anning, Yunnan, alt. 1850 m, R.P. Korf, Z. Wang and W.Y. Zhuang 424, 7 XI 1988, HMAS 81393; on twig, Jinggangshan, Jiangxi, alt. 1300 m, Z. Wang and W.Y. Zhuang 1526, 24 X 1996, HMAS 81394; on twig, Qongzhusi, Kunming, Yunnan, alt. 2000 m, Korf, Yang, Liu and Zhuang 458, 9 XI 1988, HMAS 81395. Lachnum willisii (G.W. Beaton) (Spooner, 1987 1987 ; Zhuang, 1998 1998 ) 2 1. Formula of described species 3 The formula of described species=0.5~1.2+light brown+33~77×3~5.5+8~11×6~8+10~26+47~53+30~35×3~4+subcylindric to cylindric-clavate+5~7.5×1.5~1.8+(2~) 3~4+6~13. 2. Specimen examined 3 On rotten leaves of Juglans sp., Donglingshan, Beijing, alt. 1200 m, Z. Wang 1603, 4 VI 1997, HMAS 75890. 3. Discussion 3 The Beijing collection differs from Lachnum willisii reported by Spooner ( 1987 1987 ) in having smaller asci (30~35×3~4 µm vs 37~43×4.5~5 µm) and shorter ascospores [5~7.5×1.5~1.8 µm vs (5.5~) 7.5~10 (~11) µm]. References HO Baral , GJ Krieglst . Bausteine zu einer Askomyzeten-Flora der BR Deutschland . Beih Z Mykol , 1985 . 6 1 - 160 . . Bausteine zu einer Askomyzeten-Flora der BR Deutschland SA Cantrell , JH Haines . New red species of Lachnum from the tropics . Mycol Res , 1997 . 101 ( 9 ): 1081 - 1084 . DOI: 10.1017/S0953756297003699 http://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756297003699 . 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New records of Lachnum from temperate China M Ye , WY Zhuang . New taxa of Lachnum (Helotiales, Hyaloscyphaceae) from temperate China . Nova Hedwigia , 2003 . 76 ( 3-4 ): 443 - 450 . DOI: 10.1127/0029-5035/2003/0076-0443 http://doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2003/0076-0443 . New taxa of Lachnum (Helotiales, Hyaloscyphaceae) from temperate China WY Zhuang . Fungal flora of the Daba Mountains: Discomycetes . Mycotaxon , 1997 . 61 3 - 12 . . Fungal flora of the Daba Mountains: Discomycetes WY Zhuang . Discomycetes of tropical China. III. Hyaloscyphaceous fungi from tropical Guangxi . Mycotaxon , 1998 . 69 359 - 376 . . Discomycetes of tropical China. III. Hyaloscyphaceous fungi from tropical Guangxi WY Zhuang . Hyalosc aceous discomycetes from Ningxia Province, China . Mycologia , 2000 . 92 ( 3 ): 593 - 597 . . Hyalosc aceous discomycetes from Ningxia Province, China WY Zhuang , Z Wang . Some new species and new records of Discomycetes in China. VIII . Mycotaxon , 1998 . 66 429 - 438 . . Some new species and new records of Discomycetes in China. VIII WY Zhuang , Z Wang . Discomycetes of tropical China. II. Collections from Yunnan . Mycotaxon , 1998 . 69 339 - 358 . . Discomycetes of tropical China. II. Collections from Yunnan WY Zhuang , KD Hyde . New species of Lachnum and Perrotia from Hong Kong, China . Mycologia , 2001 . 93 ( 3 ): 606 - 611 . . New species of Lachnum and Perrotia from Hong Kong, China The authors would like to express their deep thanks to Prof. Wen-ying Zhuang of the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences for her guidance and to all collectors of specimens for this study. 10.1631/jzus.2006.B0020 Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province (No. 050430502) and Education Department of Anhui Province (No. 2004kj045), China 2005-07-05 2005-10-19 2005-12-21 2022-01-05 Copyright © 2006, Journal of Zhejiang University Science 2006 Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B (Biomedicine and Biotechnology) 01 07